Models of Addiction Essay Example for Free

Models of Addiction Essay The three models of enslavement inspected in this week’s readings incorporate the clinical model, the psychosocial model, and the ailment of the human soul model. The clinical model â€Å"rests on the supposition that illness states are the consequence of a natural brokenness, potentially one on the cell or even atomic level† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). Many think about this model and â€Å"maintain that quite a bit of human conduct depends on the connection between the individual’s organic inclination and the environment† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). People under this model view unrestrained choice â€Å"as an illusion† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 33). There is discussion seeing this model as â€Å"to how much the individual’s hereditary legacy really serves to incline the person to a substance use issue, and the amount of this is the consequence of psychosocial factors† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 344). The infection model seems to oversee the manner by which substance misuse issue are thought of and rewarded in the United States. The psychosocial models of substance use advocates recommend that it is interlinked with the clinical model in that both â€Å"admit that there is a significant psychosocial segment to the addictions† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 345). Psychosocial advocates express that â€Å"addictions are found out behavior(s), poor psychosocial working, or the consequence of maladaptive thinking† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 345). It is recommended that the pharmaceutical business might be liable for ‘disease mongering’ to help advance the deals of medications said to fix proposed maladies, subsequently advancing the illness model. Some accept we are clouding unsuitable conduct and calling them illnesses recommending that we have â€Å"become a country of blamers, complainers, and casualties, very upbeat, whenever we get an opportunity, to shift responsibility elsewhere to another person for our troubles† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 46). Numerous hypothetical models were offered: moral model, balance model, profound model, dispositional ailment model, instructive model, characterological model, general frameworks model, and the clinical model. In considering all the models that propose to offer understanding in the components to consider with dependence, â€Å"each viewpoint neglects to totally clarify the entirety of the features of the SUDs adequately† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 352). The third model of substance use issue introduced is the sickness of the human soul. This model proposes that as we enter the weights and preliminaries of life and become ungrounded with torment or voids in our lives we permit ourselves to have sympathy and free ourselves up to our deep down evil nature. â€Å"It is now that some force with sickening apprehension and become profound narcissists: egotistical, reluctant to perceive any motivation to deny the â€Å"self† any longing or pleasure† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 357). This model accepts that all people â€Å"all begin with expectation, confidence and fortitude† yet when presented to the ills of the world some â€Å"turn to synthetic substances to fill the apparent void inside or to facilitate their pain† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 61). While thinking about otherworldly insolvency and void in the life of a fanatic, despair rings a bell. At the point when an individual feels despair they can't consider whatever else yet what's going on in the present and regularly seem urgent. Writing bolsters that â€Å"people are additionally otherworldly creatures who are either effectively or inactively associated with a relationship with a Higher Being† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 353). At the point when an individual is profoundly bankrupt they have lost good heading and frequently start to make poor, self-satisfying decisions and have picked a uninvolved relationship with their Higher Being. Addicts are looking for something to fill them with the delight and completeness they have supplanted with the unrestricted love of Christ. The commonness of fixation dependent on my readings recommends that unlawful medications, pot, and opiates are promptly accessible in the city. â€Å" In the United States it has been assessed that 2000 individuals use cocaine just because each day† and that â€Å"nationally 5-10% of the populace, or around 30 million individuals, have manhandled cocaine at any rate once† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 110). It is upsetting that the writing can cite measurements on youngsters utilizing these substances at such a youthful age. Writing underpins that the utilization of psychedelic drugs is by all accounts declining in the United States, notwithstanding, â€Å"it was assessed that 943,000 people beyond 12 a years old a stimulating compound without precedent for the year 2007† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 166). Additionally referenced was â€Å"the normal age at which people start to smoke pot in the United States is around 18-multi year of age† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 124). Another upsetting actuality with respect to substances on the boulevards is the thought that a significant number of the substances differ in measure of substance to such an extent that people may not understand the amount or nature of the substance they are ingesting.

The Case †Boeing Commercial Aircraft Comeback

Chapter by chapter list Introduction Reasons of ruin of Boeing Remedial Measures taken Future Demand Business strategies being followed Conflicts Recommendations Introduction The Boeing Company was begun by William Boeing in 1916, in Seattle. The underlying name was Pacific Aero Products Company that was later (1917) changed to Boeing Airplane Company. It was in 1919 that Boeing left a mark on the world via conveying the soonest global mail.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test looking into it †Boeing Commercial Aircraft: Comeback explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their relationship with the US military began in 1923. Until 1950, Boeing stayed under the radar, yet in 1950, in view of hypotheses, it faced a huge challenge in choosing to fabricate a greater airplane that would fill a double deals need; to military and to business aircrafts. The airplane was named Dash 80 and the airplane was prepared in 1956. In 1966, Boeing built up th e world popular 747. Just because, Boeing wandered into sub-contracting of work. A large portion of crafted by 747 was sub-contracted to Japanese organizations Kawasaki, Fuji and Mitsubishi. During the years, Boeing has assumed control over organizations like Vertol Aircraft Corporation (1960) and Hughes Space and Communications and furthermore had a merger with Rockwell International aviation and barrier units (1996) and McDonnell Douglas (1997). After the failure in the mid 1990s, Boeing arranged a rebound in the year 2006. Its fundamental rival was Airbus. By mid-2006, it had the option to collect deals orders for its most up to date participant, the super-proficient wide bodied 787, aside from the current 737 and 777 planes. Presently Boeing has five airplane â€Å"families† that contrast in their size and limit specifically, the 737, 747, 767, 777, and 787. These have diverse seating limits, extending from 100 to 500. Every family again comes in various variations. Then again, Airbus has four families to be specific, the A320, A300/310, A330/340, and A380. The seating limit ranges from 100 to 550. It will better to comprehend the components attributable to the rebound of Boeing on the off chance that we initially assess the reasons of its destruction. The motivation behind composing this report is to find out the components prompting the rebound of Boeing Commercial Aircraft in the flight advertise. Reasons of defeat of Boeing Owing to the opposition and ensuing drop in the deals of its airplanes, Boeing couldn't meet its breakeven point which, around then, was 250 to 270 airplanes. The improvement costs were likewise excessively high. Boeing spent nearly $5 billion on the improvement of the 777 and $8 billion on the 787.Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The presentation of the carrier business and the interest of air planes are connected as in if the aircrafts are progressing nicely, the interest for more up to date airplanes will continue pouring in, however on the off chance that the aircraft business is confronting a droop, it will affect the interest of airplanes also. After the psychological oppressor assault in 2001, there was a precarious lessening in carrier travel and thus, the interest of new airplanes diminished. Figures uncover that the worldwide aircrafts, all in all, lost about $40 billion during the period 2001 to 2005. There are different variables that lead to the low traffic turnover in the aircrafts business; number of workers, numerous activity execution, in-flight benefits, selection of air terminals, and so on. After January 2004, there was a flood in fly fuel costs; dramatically increased. Therefore, the expense of fly fuel took 25% of the absolute working expenses, when contrasted with 10% in 2001. One of the significant difficulties for Boeing occurred in 1990, when the organization chose to bring down their costs so as to pick up piece of the overall industry. The organization additionally expanded the creation limit consequently to which, it needed to employ a large number of additional specialists. These laborers had been obtained from the providers of Boeing. This was again a crazy choice by the organization. The providers missed the mark concerning work and couldn't convey the segments on schedule. Subsequently, the creation was postponed and Boeing needed to dish out punishments as much as $1.6 billion. Medicinal Measures taken Boeing took in a severe exercise from this fiasco of 1990. The organization at that point chose to follow the â€Å"Moonshine Creative Philosophy† and the strategy of â€Å"Lean Production†. The organization sent groups of its administrators to Japan so as to examine the assembling arrangement of driving producers of Japan, particularly Toyota. The lean creation framework was developed by Toyota, instead of the ordinarily utilized large scale manufacturing framework. Ohno Taiichi, a worker of Toyota, was the one to build up this framework. Ohno visited the US plants of Ford and was of the feeling that the large scale manufacturing framework was bad. He brought up three significant issues. Right off the bat, in large scale manufacturing framework, colossal capacity limits are required to store tremendous inventories. This included immense sum measures of cash for the distribution centers. Besides, if there is a deformity in large scale manufacturing framework, an immense parcel would be dismissed as a result of the imperfection. This again will cause colossal misfortunes. Thirdly, the large scale manufacturing framework doesn’t permit client explicit creation. Since the items were made in mass, henceforth any single item couldn't be not quite the same as the others. Further, Boeing officials saw that enormous hardware were being utilized to make little parts.Advertising We wil l compose a custom contextual investigation test looking into it †Boeing Commercial Aircraft: Comeback explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More So they chose to concoct new littler apparatuses. Groups called â€Å"moonshiners† were shaped for this reason and were given the errand. The group saw that 80% of the segments were under 12 inches in length, while any longer machines were being utilized. Holding fast to the new frameworks of lean creation and moonshine, the tremendous apparatuses were supplanted with littler ones that could be moved unreservedly. One of the developments of the moonshiners was the arrangement of stacking and fixing the seats. At first, when the seats were conveyed, wheels were appended to every one of them and moved in a compartment to the territory close to the airplane. The compartment was lifted by an overhead crane and brought to the degree of the aircraft’s surface. The seats were then moved inside the airplane and after ward fixed. This was a very tedious activity. The moonshiners created another strategy for stacking the seats through the traveler entryway. This procedure devoured very nearly multiple times less time. This change diminished the hour of creation as it were. The organization could make client explicit items additionally lastly, huge distribution centers were not required because of the usage of the in the nick of time stock framework. These measures diminished the expense as it were. Aside from the developments made by the moonshine groups, Boeing embraced different measures to control the expense and costs. One of the most significant choices was to transform from the static line of get together to the moving line of gathering. Regularly, airplanes are set on stages with slopes all around. Laborers move in and out to bring parts and fix them. When the work at a specific workstation is done, moving the airplane to another workstation is a bulky procedure. The airplane must be brough t down on a moving stage and afterward gradually moved towards the other workstation. This includes an excessive amount of time. So in 2001, Boeing introduced a moving line of get together at its Renton plant close to Seattle. In this framework, the airplane is mounted on a stage that continues moving at a speed of 2 inches for every moment. The laborers have sufficient opportunity to fix the parts. The stage goes through different stations where parts consequently show up at the time they are required. This procedure includes lesser time and all the work is done in a deliberate manner. Every workstation has its own light framework that has various lights for various status. So if there is an issue in any workstation, it is quickly identified and settled. The impact of all these new strategies was obvious step by step. Continuously 2005, the time required for amassing a 737 was diminished from twenty two hours to eleven hours. Additionally, the work in progress stock was decreased b y 55% and the put away stock by 59%. All the creation lines, then again, actually of the 747, have been changed from static to movable.Advertising Searching for contextual analysis on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Future Demand The future interest of airplanes is mostly founded on three angles to be specific, hypotheses about the future overall monetary development, future interest for air travel, and the budgetary states of the world aircrafts. Both the significant airplane fabricating organizations Boeing and Airbus have their own forecasts. As per Boeing’s 2006 report, the world economy should develop by 3.1% per annum, to be proceeded till the following 20 years. This anticipated development should create a development of 4.8% in travelers and 6.1% in freight. In light of these figures, Boeing came out with the figures that an expected 27,210 new airplanes (1360 every year) would be required inside the following 20 years. The estimation of these airplanes was put at $2.6 trillion. It is normal that out of these new airplanes, 9580 will be trades for those airplanes that will have resigned from the flying help. According to gauges, by 2025 the all out number of airplanes everywhere t hroughout the world will be 35,970. In 2005 the figure was 17,330. Further, it is normal that North America will put practically 28% of the new requests, Asia Pacific 36% and Europe 24%. Business strategies being followed Owing to the productivity of the 747, Boeing had a high ground in the bigger j

Explication Essay: Paradise Lost

Paige Gardner Julia Naviaux ENG 230: 003 February 1, 2013 Explication Essay: Paradise Lost-Lines 80-134 The discussion of through and through freedom versus destiny is an exceptionally normal, predominant theme in any Q&A meeting or even strict message. The disputable issue of whether God has fated His kin for salvation or if God has given individuals the opportunity in settling on their free decision to do so is an inquiry scholars will never comprehend. Many church assemblages have lost individuals due to the church’s supposition on this topic.John Milton, English writer, utilized his epic sonnet Paradise Lost to introduce the narrative of the Fall of Adam and Eve in a manner people of his time, seventeenth century, had never been presented to. All through the story, we are captivated with the vindictive characteristics of Satan and the cherishing, excusing, and even culpable qualities of God. Milton doesn’t present the character God until Book 3. In lines 80-134, Milton presents his crowd with the possibility of destiny and choice from God’s own perspective through a discussion between his characters: God and the Son.God communicates to His child the distinction of realizing what will occur and fating what will occur. In Paradise Lost, Milton utilizes the abstract components of redundancy and sentence structure to uncover reality of unrestrained choice to his perusers. Milton utilizes redundancy to show to his perusers the contrast between realizing what will happen as opposed to having a foreordained, persuasive position on something. Milton utilizes the possessive pronoun ‘their’ to push the significance on the matter of the individuals having something or something being a piece of their possessions.For model, â€Å"their producer, or their creation, or their fate† delineates this idea in the epic sonnet (Milton, Book III, line 113). Here, Milton communicates how if individuals have through and through freedom they can no longer guarantee these things since they are a piece of mankind and thusly have human instinct. From this, individuals have a creator who made them into the individuals they are today. Subsequently, individuals are made with unrestrained choice and can't censure their creator for their own destiny since individuals don't decide only it. These three aspects, as it were, interlace with one another.People can't accuse one without the other two or the other way around. People’s destiny is a piece of their creation and people’s making is a piece of their producer, henceforth the possessive pronoun ‘their’. Milton says fate â€Å"over-rul’d their will† (Milton, Book III, lines 114-115). Presently the opportunity is removed. Everything is as of now decided and no decisions should be made. In lines 116-118, Milton gives his returning contention against fate by saying, â€Å"they themselves declared their own revolt, not I: in the event t hat I foreknew, foresight had no impact on their fault†.Milton states here his position on through and through freedom. God may recognize what will occur, however he isn't impacting people’s choices. He permits individuals to make them all alone. Just as reiteration, Milton additionally utilizes sentence structure to hand-off to the perusers the topic of his epic sonnet. In book III, lines 129-134, Milton utilizes three unique colons in a single sentence to cause the peruser to understand that noteworthy prompts the following. Colons in language are utilized to show lists.Milton does this by expressing, â€Å"The first sort by their own proposal fell, self-enticed, self-corrupted: Man falls deluded by the other first: Man accordingly will discover effortlessness, the other none: in kindness and equity both, through Heaven and Earth, so will my magnificence exceed expectations, yet Mercy first and last will most splendid sparkle. †. Milton finishes up this discuss ion among God and the Son with these lines. Milton uses the colons to communicate that these occasions would not occur without the former occasion happening. Without wrongdoing or polluting influence, humanity is in no need of elegance or benevolence. Through these defects, the Lord is applauded by his people.Humans are degenerate as individuals and enticed by one another. Satan, in the Garden of Eden, enticed Eve and Eve enticed Adam; humanity was self-enticed. Man fell due to his individual man. Through kindness and effortlessness, the Lord is celebrated and his benevolence surpasses everything. By God offering his elegance and benevolence to humankind, He uncovers His giving nature. He is offering humanity elegance and kindness to be spared, however He not constraining it upon them. Through the choice God gave us, individuals can love him with truthfulness and certified love. Earnestness individuals would not have in the event that he foreordained them. Milton is effectively expr essing this idea in this segment of his epic poem.God’s love and leniency is everlasting, and Milton says it will win through everything. The discussion between choice and fate will consistently be available. Notwithstanding what number of scholars examine it and quest sacred texts for answers, this discussion will consistently exist. There are a few things the Lord doesn't uncover to His kin so they can step out in confidence and trust in Him. By utilizing reiteration and sentence structure, Milton communicates the perspective on through and through freedom from God’s point of view. Through Paradise Lost, Milton shows us a brief look at what the superb Gospel of Christ really is.

Environmental impact assessment - Free Essay Example

Background 3.1 Introduction Environmental impact assessment, EIA have evolved rapidly in the past years, spurred by increasing number of regulations and legislations. This chapter provides a theoretical background of EIA process in order to establish the need for the focus of this research which deals with one of its preliminary steps, known as baseline. The chapter starts with an overview of the EIA, moves to its legislative requirement and main procedures then focuses on baseline environment; its establishment, need, placing it into the context of overall EIA process. This will highlight its roles and relationship with other EIA stages in order to expose its influence on the EIA process. 3.2 EIA Since the introduction of EIA over 3 decades in the United States, various countries have also included the EIA process in the planning development. EIA till date is generally recognised as key aspect of most large scales planning proposals. Numerous studies on EIA in UK and other parts of the world have also been develop and various authors have attempted to define this process; for several authors (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; DETR, 2000; FoE 2005; Glasson et al., 2005; Jay and Handley, 2001; Weston, 2000; Weston, 2004; Wood, 2007). EIA is a procedure established to inform authorising bodies, planners and affected public about a proposed project and their likely effects. Likewise, Lawrence (2003) gave a broad definition of EIA process which he described as a systematic process of: Determining and managing (identifying, describing, measuring, predicting, interpreting integrating communicating, involving and controlling) the Potential or real impacts (direct and indirect, individual and cumulative, likelihood of occurrence) of Proposed (or existing) human actions (projects, plans, programmes, legislation activities and their alternatives on the Environment (physical, chemical, biological, ecological, human health, cultural, social, economic, built and interrelations). The definition of the environment outlined here is broad, comprising of various aspects of possible environmental components. This serves to highlight a wide environmental consideration by the EIA process. In simple word, EIA is the identification, assessment and management of the environmental effects/impacts that may arise from implementation of a proposed project which may significantly affect the natural man made environment. The benefits of EIA have been acknowledged and accepted by various researchers and also worldwide as an important environment decision making tool (IEMA, 2002; Wood, 2003) instituted for identifying and managing the significant impacts of development proposals (DLCG, 2006; IEMA, 2004; Jay et al., 2007; Petts, 1999; Weston, 2004). Accurately, EIA not only aims to controls impacts but may also contribute to planning decision making. 3.2.1 EIA required and steps 3.2.2 Legislation EIA process was derived from European law (Foe, 2005) and was formerly referred to as environmental assessment in UK. In both the UK and EU requirement for an EIA is set out in directive 85/337/EEC and the revised Directive 97/11/EC, and Directive 2003/35/EC 2007 implemented through a series of regulations. However, EIA regulation for planning projects in England and Wales are Town and country planning (assessment of environmental effects) Regulations 1988 and the subsequent 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008 amendments. The directives main aim requires the competent authority for a particular project to acknowledge and centres his decision on likely significant effects of a project proposal on the environment. The EIA regulations applies to two lists of developments. It is required that for a specified list of project types (Annex 1) or for all projects under the schedule 1, EIA must be carried out. Other projects listed in Annex ii and iii may also require EIA depending on project location, ch aracteristics, size and also characteristics of potential impacts respectively. Hence, for projects under schedule two EIA will be carried out if and only if it exceeds the given thresholds i.e. if the development is likely to have a significant impact on the environment by virtue of its nature, size or location. The legislation requires the inclusion of the following; The likely significant effect, direct, indirect on the environment of the development explained by reference to its possible impact on the following environmental receptors): human beings, soil fauna water air climate, the landscape the interaction between any of the foregoing material assets and the cultural heritage. Competently, in a simple word EIA covers all types of impacts from development (Foe, 2005). However, EIA is not a straight forward project there are various stages in carrying out the EIA process and these contributes towards achieving the main aims of the EIA and purpose of its implementation. 3.2.3 EIA steps In accordance with UK legislation, it is the developer/proponent who has the main responsibility for managing the assessment process and producing EIA documents. The generic steps in EIA are divided into three: (a) preliminary assessment; this involves scoping, screening and baseline studies and (b) detailed assessment; impact analysis, mitigation and EIS presentation (c) follow up; monitoring and auditing (Morrison à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Saunders and Arts, 2004). The process which involves a number of steps The process begins with identification of projects that require EIA often known as screening. A local planning authority decides if EIA is required in consultation with the applicant. Scoping follows, to investigate the necessary and significant information to be addressed while carrying out EIA. Consideration of alternatives to ensure that other possible approaches have been recognised including alternative project location site, scales, layouts, operating conditions and the no action option. Baseline studies to identify the environmental components in the proposed development site/ area. Impact prediction and assessment to enable identification and evaluation of impacts that may arise as a result of the project proposal. Mitigation measures are then established to avoid, minimise, remedy or compensate these effects. Monitoring measures are then proposed to oversee that these management plans are achieved. These information gathered, are then presented in an environmental statement. A review stage which involves logical evaluation of the quality of the ES. Public participation and Consultation is also incorporated into this process. As stated earlier that the regulation requires the assessment of significant effects of a proposed project in relation to the environmental receptors of a project the question is how the effects will be assessed? Or rather what is the requirement for assessment of the identified effects? The question tends to be answered in the following section. 3. 4 Baseline in EIA The term baseline was introduced in the environmental literature at same period as the conception of EIA process. Figure 2. illustrates how baseline fits into the EIA process. A number of literature publications (Canter, 1996; Glasson et al., 2005) have clearly defined and explained baseline concept and its role in EIA process; prominent points from literature which places the principles in context follows; 3.4.1 Definition A baseline study is an activity undertaken at an early stage in EIA and is integral to the EIA process. They are often referred to as the environmental setting, existing conditions, affected environment, and background environment, environmental conditions, environmental receptors, baseline data information (Canter, 1996; Eccleston, 2001; Shepherd, 2006). However, there is no universally accepted definition for baseline. Although it is often defined as in EIA context as the physical, chemical ,biological ,social ,economic, and cultural setting of an environment in which the proposed project is to be located, and where impacts might be expected to occur (Shepherd, 2006). They have also been defined as present and future environmental state of the proposed project site (Glasson et al., 2005). Accurately, they are compiled information concerning what the measure of the attributes would be (or is) prior to the activity at the project site. 3.4.2 Legal status and requirement of baseline in EIA Where does a baseline study fit into the broader picture in EIA? Treweek (1999) reports that nearly all legislation requires description of baseline condition. Theoretically, in terms of environment legislation, the legislation do not specifically refer to baseline studies; however, the need for it is a minimum requirement (schedule 4 part 11). The EIA directive requires the following: The data required to identify and assess the main effects which the development is likely to have on the environment (schedule 4, part 11,2) the likely evolution thereof without implementation of the plan and programme.(Annex 1, article 5 (1) (b) An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how) encountered during the compilation of the required information. (Annex 1, article 5(h). The data required to assess the effects of the development refers to baseline information. The likely evolution refers to the future environmental condition of a proposed project site. It is likely that there may be gaps or constraints encountered while gathering environmental information, clearly, an indication of limitation of the information generated is required. 3.4.3 Baseline topics Environmental disturbances may manifest a change of one or more receptors (i.e. water, air, soil, land etc) often refereed to as environmental resources (Eccleston, 2001). They also represent various environmental components that may be considered during the assessment stage. For instance if a flood channel is to be constructed and there are concerns about the effects on water resources, habitat and species due to widening of stream. The aim of baseline will be to determine the existing number of species, habitats, and water quality etc. However, there are no specific standard requirements on the number and type of environmental factors/ components that will be considered in description of environmental setting (Canter, 1996).The different environmental component that may be considered are established in table 1 below lists some of the environmental components that may be considered in outlining the baseline. 3.4.4 Method and techniques Different approaches can be used to identify an initial list of environmental factors relevance to a proposed project. Four common practical methods have been identified. Desk studies, filed surveys, modelling and consultation is all applicable methods to characterise the baseline environment (RPS, 2007). i) Site visits Site visits involves member of the study team to visit the proposed project location. This could provide familiarization with the area and enable more- effective understanding of the site and its environments and identification of the key issues (DCLG, 2006b). ii) Desk study Baseline studies are often initiated through desk studies to identify the key environmental components to be considered. This involves use of secondary data sources including published and unpublished sources. Appropriate data for describing the physical, chemical, biological cultural and socio economic environments can be obtained from reports and unpublished data from numerous regulatory agencies at local, state, regional and federal government levels. This may include information gathered directly during consultation, (RPS, 2007) such as information from statutory consultees (which includes environment agency, countryside agency, English heritage), non governmental organisations, local groups (e.g. local wildlife groups); local authorities (e.g. oxford city council) and environment websites and muliti agency geographical information for countryside agency (DLCG, 2006b). Thus, encouraging rapid compilation of variety of information which serves as a basis for baseline assessment. T he need for field survey may be identified at this stage. iii) Surveys Surveys involve a great range of technique, usually quantitative such as ecology and ambient noise survey or qualitative such as like water quality. Guidance and methodology for filed survey are often found from professional and statutory agencies. (DLCG, 2006b). Field survey is often used to identify baseline conditions and to compliment the desk study. Also the baseline survey for a specific EIA project will be dependent on the proposed project, site location and sensitivities. Concern should be given to any seasonal constraints for instance, some surveys are seasonally dependent or may be require a long duration to assess for instance summer and winter are considered for landscape survey and visual impact assessment, which may require photomontages and ecological survey of species which requires about one year to be established (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; DCLG, 2006b). Adequate time should be planned into the scheme for such surveys. However, its is important to note that all field surveys should be planned and implemented in a manner that can be repetitive before construction stage. iv) Professional knowledge, Expert opinion and key informants A good method of identifying environmental factors is to employ professional knowledge related to the expected impacts of specific types of projects (Canter, 1996). This may require consultation with a number of informants who have knowledge on existing condition of the site area, and may include representatives of special group, etc. Experts can also predict how a particular environmental component may react. An expert may determine how a specific habitat will react or develop. Survey can then be identified to compliment or support the experts opinion. 3.6 Establishment of baseline After the identification of key environmental factors, baseline assessment can be conducted in various ways. Canter (1996) established a framework on assessing baseline information presented in figure 3. The primary step includes identification of variety of environmental factors at the specific project site, whereby scoping/ selection technique may be applied to focus on the key issues. This selection stage is referred to as the central issue of the baseline approach. This is because, EIA is centred on significant issues hence the selection stage is required to scope out irrelevant environmental components. Baseline environment is very broad. Significance is the main theme for EIA. After which the identification of relevant existing data for the key selected factors will be applied. The preparation of description of the existing environment then follows. Glasson et al., (2005) also studied and attempted to develop a framework analysis of baseline. In this case each environmental, which after identification of a factor a statement of objective or purpose for selected factor is identified, then the required information is listed and the technique for assessment of the data follows and finally objective The approached developed could be appraised as it included the objective of the selected factors environmental factor. It is required that while identifying baseline a clear purpose should be identified (Knight 2009). In order, to justify the reason for selection. 3.4.6 Need for baseline Baseline is required for a variety of purposes and its often categorised into two major steps Lawrence (2003). Environmental overview at screening stage and scoping A more in depth environmental appraisal during impact assessment. Baseline could also be identified in the EIA process, whenever additional information is introduced into the assessment (Lawrence, 2003). It is however, important to note that baseline studies have a key role to play from the project initiation to final design and establishment of operational standards (Wathern, 1992). This perhaps implies that, baseline is not limited to one point in the assessment and may be incorporated into other EIA step. It is considered worthwhile to further explore baseline roles in the stages of EIA process 3.4.7 Relationship between baseline and other EIA steps Because it is identified as an initial step in the EIA process, its consideration may have an effect on the other EIA steps. Screening: During screening baseline is required in identification of valuable environmental resources which may indicate whether a proposal requires EIA or not. Scoping: Baseline is often incorporated into the scoping stage. Its been recognised that baseline studies using existing data and local knowledge are required for scoping ( FAO, 2005) and is also perceived as a scoping technique. As noted earlier, in establishment of baseline, scoping comes into place during the selection of significant environmental factor. Once significant issue have been identified the need for further in depth studies can be clearly identified and perhaps allows initiation of additional data collection. Moreover, scope and depth of the baseline studies is usually incorporated at pre project state and scoping stages during consultation with the local planning authority and consultees to deal with the seasonal effects on surveys (DCLG 2006b). Impact identification and assessment: This is the most significant stage of the EIA process which allows complete incorporation of all the selected baseline environment. Only by carefully and systematically describe the initial baseline environmental conditions is it possible to present an accurate and convincing picture of the likely effects that the development will have on its environment (Wood, 2003) and if deficient, conclusions made about impact significant may be questioned (Eccleston, 2001). Hence only by identifying the existing environmental factors/ components that entire impacts of a development would be assessed. Baseline therefore provide evidence of impacts assessed. Choice of alternatives: Baseline environment may also be considered during assessment of project alternatives. Alternatives seeks to identify a specific project site, location, materials and design by comparing environmental baseline of various options in order to select a more environmental friendly option. The most important aspect of various options considered is the do nothing scenario. In this case it is expected that the proposal would consider existing condition in absence of the project implemented and perhaps its possible future state. Hence, these future conditions are standards against which are compared projected future conditions of project alternatives. Clearly, This forms a basis upon which the future environmental effects of different alternatives are assessed (Environment Agency 2008; Shepherd, 2006) in order to predict what the state of the environment will look like if the project is to go ahead. Mitigation measures After impacts are predicted mitigation measures are identified in order to manage the impacts during project implementation. This may involve minimisation of, or prevention of impacts; compensation may occur when impacts cannot be avoided for instance by providing a new habitat or planting new trees in order to replace affected habitats, remediation, enhancement centred around developments and this may involve a development on contaminated land in order to improve the quality. Baseline therefore provides environmental components to assist in the establishment or mitigation measures (Lawrence, 2003) and is may also be used to assess the success of mitigation measures. Monitoring Monitoring is undertaken to establish information on description and functions of environmental variables. Baseline may also be required during monitoring (Lawrence 2003: 55, Morris and Therivel, 2009) as monitoring ensures assessment of changes of environmental parameters against baseline. Indeed, baseline, establish quality foundation for appraisal of post-EIA studies on the project site. Impact prediction and selection of alternatives are the main stages whereby baseline data is highly recommended. If key role of EIA process is to facilitate decision making, then impact prediction is necessary at that stage and the baseline information gathered serves as a basis for impact analysis. Nevertheless, it would be accepted that; baseline studies form backbone of component assessments (Morris and Therivel, 2009). Indeed, it is not limited to impact assessment but might take place during scoping, choice of alternatives, mitigation identification and monitoring accuracy and plausibility of much of the remainder of the EIA report depends upon it (Wood, 2003). 3.4.8 Problem associated with baseline studies There are many problems surrounding baseline assessment these problems are however mostly encountered in practice. As an initial step in EIA, baseline requires so much time and information and if not carefully carried out may affect the other steps in the EIA process. Problem with definition In development context baseline is one of the hardest words to define because of its broad meaning. In agreement, is Wathern (1992), who identified baseline studies as the least understood element of EIA, he emphasized that its definition as social, physical and biological environments which could be affected by the development project as the reason for most difficulties encountered with baseline studies. This is because in an attempt to describe the environment, various information are accumulated on general topics of water, air etc (Wathern 1992). This however focuses on available information and data rather than what is needed. The most evident inadequacy with this is that they fail to address the need of the project maker involved in project planning. The focus of baseline is thereby perceived as a major problem confronting EIA practitioners. Time and resources constraint: Both time and financial constraints maybe difficult to cope with. The developer often has to pay for these data. This step, frequently account for a lager part of the overall cost of EIA process (Wathern, 1992). Baseline studies require a whole lot of time hence delay on the project may arise and also as noted earlier, surveys are seasonally dependent. For instance, ecology data which usually requires about 12 months to establish. A case study review found that absence of existing air quality, noise and water quality, increased resources and delayed EIA project. (Andre et al., 2004). Data availability and quality: Recent research by Carroll and Turpin (2009) found that there is needs now to provide much more information than was than that required by the UK government in the 1980s. Hence, because of this great quantity of data required, data is not often available. It is also widely recognised that likely future evolution is difficult to predict as trends are not often available. Moreover, inadequate understanding of relative roles of baseline description (UNEP, 2004) may be perceived to be of great problem limiting its consideration in practice. 3.5 Critical review Even a cursory glance at recent writing on EIA shows that the issue of baseline in EIA is not a major focus for EIA practitioners and researchers. It was indicated in the literature that baseline is incorporated into EIA and plays an important role in the process. As well as being, intensive, and time consuming, an early initiation of the step would avoid delay in decision making. Apparently, theres no doubt that the assessment of baseline is important, impact assessment is considered the major objective of EIA process, baseline is important because it helps provide all the necessary data required for impact assessment. This has been the major role identified with baseline. Its relationship with other EIA steps such as post EIA studies, mitigation, and consideration of alternatives has been given limited attention. A great number of reports and articles on EIA process (DCLG 2006b; FAO, 2006; IEMA, 2002; Morrison Saunders and Arts, 2004) omit the baseline stage while outlining the key steps of EIA process although its often incorporated into scoping stage. In addition, the approach to baseline established by Canter (1996) could be criticised for not including a clear purpose of the selected environmental components as well as the baseline steps identified by Lawrence (2003) which failed to identify the likely evolution of baseline study while outlining its steps. Evidence till date, still suggests that lack of consideration of baseline especially the likely future evolution should be given more attention (Wood et al., 2007). This is very important as it forms a basis upon which the future environmental effects of different options are assessed. As a matter of fact, overall in depth study on baseline studies has been neglected. Except for the work of Wathern, 1992; Canter 1996; Glasson et al., 2005 theres has been little substantial investigation into this area. Although, several researchers (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; Wood 2003; Lawrence, 2003; Shepherd, 2006) ha ve reported significant gains of baseline in theory, only very few has reported its gains in practice. However, studies would have been more convincing if they had carried out more research on its general influence on fundamental purposes of EIA rather than restricting it to assessment of effects. This perhaps would expose its importance in outcome of EIA process. 3.6 Summary This chapter has addressed EIA and its preliminary step, baseline assessment. Placing baseline in the EIA legislative context. Although the directive did not specifically refer to baseline in EIA, it did refer to presentation of data used to assess potential impacts, limitations of information gathered and likely future condition of the existing environment. The discussion has outlined baseline relationship with other EIA steps in detail, with particular focus on its benefits to the process. It revealed that importance of baseline depends on the stage of the EIA they are used. The main benefits attached to baseline studies include its support for impacts assessment. Different approach are used in establish baseline information. Although it is acknowledge that baseline environment is broad, input from scoping consultation can help in identifying the key environmental components and therefore scope out any irrelevant issues. However issues such as definition, cost, and resource and tim e constraint surrounding EIA processes have been identified with baseline. Good practice and future directions have been addresses far less. It seems that theory is fairly clear while practice is still rather misty. Literature could also be criticised for limited investigation into this area. The following chapter tries to establish in detail the first stage of the methodology which requires establishment of good quality baseline and also effectiveness of the EIA in order to examine the former influence on the later. Screening: a process deciding if EIA is required or not by limiting the application of EIA to specific projects that could develop significant environmental impacts Definitions of key terms Scoping: process identifying the key /important environmental issues at an early stage Description of project and alternatives: includes a clear purpose of proposed project and also an understanding of its various characteristics. Identification of impacts ensuring that all potentially significant environmental impacts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.are identified and considered. Impact prediction: identifies the magnitude and other dimensions of identified change in the environment with a project. Evaluation and assessment of significance of impacts: assesses the significance of the predicted impacts to allow a focus on the precise adverse impacts. Mitigation measures: explores measures to avoid reduce remedy or compensate for any significant adverse impacts Consultation: involve s both statutory and non statutory interested bodies members of the public consulted during the EIA process. aim to ensure the quality, comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the EIA and that the public s views are adequately taken into consideration Evaluation: Evaluation is a term much used in planning and policy for the generic process of gathering structuring analysing and appraising information. Evaluation explicitly involves value judgements. It often relates to subjective policy oriented judgements rather than purely scientific and technical analysis.( Arts et al 2001). Monitoring: collection of data on a range of specific environmental variables. Mitigation: includes the three keys avoiding, reduce and remedying the potential significant adverse impacts avoiding Environmental statement: report where the EIA is documented. Seen as a vital step in the EIA process Review of ES: involves a systematic appraisal of the quality of the ES. Decision making: requires the consideration of the development by the planning /relevant authority Guidance: usually produced and issued by the responsible EIA administrative or expert body and should provide clear and authoritative interpretation of the actions to be taken and by whom.(UNEP 2004) Post-decision audits involves the recording of outcomes associated with development impacts. Developer: also known as proponent, petitioner, and initiator. The applicant for authorization for a private project or the public authority which initiates a project ( European commission 2001) Effect/impact: Any change in the physical, natural, or cultural environment brought about by a development project. Effect and impact are used interchangeably. Audit of predictions and mitigation: may involve comparing actual outcomes withy that of the predicted Competent authority: those which the member state selected and assumed the responsibility for performing the duties arising from the directive.(European Commission, 2001) Project the execution of construction works or other installations or schemes and other interventions in the natural surroundings and landscape including those involving the extraction of mineral resources. (European Commission, 2001).

Collaboration Skills for School Professionals Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Problem in the caseHowever, Mrs. Anderson who is their teacher cannot stand the rising number of disruptions that occur in the classroom. In most cases, Patrick and Zach are the centers of most classroom disruptions which affects the rest of the class that is drawn into a spectator sport. Mrs. Anderson shared this behavioral concerns with Mr. Alvarez who is also a teacher in the institution. Supporting detailsAccording to Mrs. Anderson, Patrick has a major anger management problem since he usually teases Zach and other students in class by name calling and making hurtful comments during class sessions. In addition, he also gave inappropriate information during classroom discussions and argues with other students especially when he is asked to stop his undesired behaviors. On the other hand, Zach who is usually teased in front of his peers responds by angrily yelling back and arguing with Patrick and sometimes cries. This has become a real problem to Zach who also has a learning disa bility and even the rest of the class which is affected by the disruptions caused. At some instances, Zach even pushes Patrick when he does not respond to his comments and requests. We will write a custom essay sample on Collaboration Skills for School Professionals or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This problem is evident in Zach who likes math and enjoys a lot of units in math such as geometry. If not controlled and taken into regular check by his teachers, the boy is likely to drop in his academic performance as well his social life (Friend Cook, 2010). According to Friend and

Effects of Child Poverty in Africa - 1780 Words

Effects of Child Poverty in Africa Throughout the world, children suffer and die every day from issues caused by poverty, a large number of poor children are in Africa. Poverty is the leading problem for the African children causing not only physical health issues; but emotional, educational, and social problems as well. Many of these children are very sick from the water they drink, not having enough food, or from extremely contagious diseases passed throughout their villages. Although poverty has the worst effect on people in Africa, poverty is a problem everywhere. It leaves people hungry, and sick, and with no real place to sleep. Some solutions to poverty are simple, but more people are needed to want to help. If more people†¦show more content†¦All of these diseases being serious, long-term infections, which kill many people every day. There’s a huge impact poverty has on people all over the world. Although people try to ignore it, everywhere you look there are people struggling with poverty and the effects from it. There are a lot of reasons why our world is so affected by poverty, one reason being the world is so over populated. Since there are so many people in the world there is not enough jobs for people, which leaves people with very low paying or no job. â€Å"Over population can not only result in poor conditions, but it can also result in poor environments. Poor or degraded natural environments are also considered to be causes of poverty.† (â€Å"World Poverty.† 1) Another reason why poverty affects our world is there aren’t enough schools to educate people. If there was more schools to educate people, it wouldn’t be so hard for some people to get jobs that could help support them and their families. Also, resources are not evenly distributed throughout the world where they are mostly needed. Most of the world’s resources are only in richer countries, when people in developing countries like Africa and Asia need them the most. Many people have minimum wage jobs and that doesn’t pay enough for people to be able to pay for a place to live, get enough food for them and their family,Show MoreRelatedCause Of Poverty In Africa976 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern with poverty in the developing world. Lack of money has been the major cause of extreme poverty in many countries of the world for a long time. This is the biggest problem in Africa. Many different groups of people are being affected by this. This can cause terrible suffering and possibly even death. Poverty is the biggest problem because it leads to poaching, piracy, and the issue with child laboring and trafficking. Poaching is one of the leading effects of the poverty in Africa. 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My Journey to Success free essay sample

I have been asking myself a question, what do I want out of life? This question bothers many people and it’s not only the ones who are trying to figure out the path that will lead them to a comfortable life. One might ask, what is that comfort that we are all striving for? It varies from person to person; there are several aspects, such the way they were raised, making, of our lives that could influence a person and the future decisions that we’ll make. To me, a goal is something you desire. I believe that a person needs to achieve certain goals in one’s life before you can call them successful. Success is to reach goals, you have set. I have set certain goals that I would like to achieve in my lifetime. Holding my standards and values high of myself, I want to be challenged, rather than occupied. We will write a custom essay sample on My Journey to Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With that in mind, I explored the current activities I do for pleasure. I examined the topics that fascinate me. Some of these goals are personal, while others are professional. My current goal is simple: Having a good education, while to have a good, stable job that I enjoy, and making enough money to not only support myself, but also a future family, putting the use of my knowledge towards those in need of a helping hand. My life experiences have helped me to appreciate the value of these goals, and I look forward to reaching it. If you only dreamed, you would not be reaching your goals. If you only thought about what kind of future you wanted, but did nothing to make it happen, your dreams would stay dreams. Your goals are the vision of what your future will be like if you put time and energy into making them realities. Goals offer you wonderful advantages that dreams may not. They get you out of bed in the morning. They add structure to your life to help you stay on track. They are the blueprint for the plan that you are building for your future. Goals give your life both purpose and meaning. Without goals, your life is like a boat without a rudder, aimlessly blown by the wind, driven by the currents and left off course most of the time. Even worse, you’ll find that others will steer your life and make decisions for you. Without goals, you give away your personal power and the right to make choices and decisions for yourself. They require thought, planning, motivation, determination, taking action and time whether it is short-term, accomplished in a day, week or a month, or long-term, spanning from several months or years. I’ve realized that it is very important for me to receive a good education, and strive to make something of myself. But, my happiness in what I do is also a goal for me. There is no way someone can become successful if they are not happy with what they are doing. If their job is going to make them miserable, then they will never show a complete one hundred percent. The most successful people in life have a clear idea of their goals and the drive to pursue them. We as individuals have to realize that life is a learning experience and being able to recognize the importance of our strengths and weaknesses in order to make a difference in relating personal growth. Having goals, priorities, and special qualities about ourselves is what gives us individuality in anything that we choose to do. Personally, my major strength is punctuality and the ability to stay focused among the distractions as a well-organized person. Some goals take more time than others. They are driven primarily by your needs and your values. Values are the beliefs and standards by which you live or the things that are most important to you. Values guide your decisions and behaviors. It takes commitment to achieve a goal, with the willingness to stick to it, despite disappointments, failures and criticism. It takes courage to remain keeping a good head on your shoulders in the face of hardship. Ultimately, I want to stay on a path with the right attitude, and goals with passion that guide me on a wonderful journey of discovery and growth to learn more about life and the capability of myself.

The Bee Essay Essays - Beekeeping, Bees, Animal Communication

The Bee Essay THE BEE ESSAY The worker bees live a very short life. Their average life span is about six weeks. The worker bees are the sterile females of the bee population. They feed honey and pollen to the queen of the hive. The worker bees are called nurse bees when they enter into this stage. They produce a jelly called royal jelly which is high in protein. They give this royal jelly to the queen bee and she feeds it to her young ones. Then worker bees start to produce a honeycomb from the wax that they secrete. During this stage they can also fan their wings to circulate fresh air. The house bee is a young worker be about 2 weeks old bee who only works in the hive. The queen bee is the head honcho of the whole hive. The queen really doesn't do much. She sits in the hive and has the babies. The queen secretes a substance called queen factor which keeps all of the other female bees from becoming sexually mature. The queen is fed royal jelly to further her development as she becomes a grown bee. The queen's number one priority is to reproduce. Once she successfully does that, her job is pretty much done with. The queen is very special because she can do all of her mating in the air. The queen only mates once in her life, but in that one mating session she can produce as many as a million eggs a year. When the queen feels that the hive is getting crowded, she ventures off into the wilderness with a few of her worker bees to search for a new beginning (a new hive). Then, when the queen dies another queen will take her place and start the whole thing all over again. The drones are also placed on this earth for one main reason. That reason is to satisfy the queen. Drones are unfertilized eggs whose jobs consist of supplying the queen bee with the sperm when she is ready. Then the drones are either eaten by the queen or stung by the workers and evicted from their home. They live a very tragic life. The drone's structure is also kind of odd because the drone does not possess a stinger. So, they cannot really protect themselves when they need to. The queen bee releases a substance called queen factor which is a pheromone. When she releases this substance, the other bee's behavior is affected. They act as if they were under the influence. They really are because the queen factor acts as a drug in that it affects the way that their body functions. The queen also causes the bees to march in a line as if they were in a marching band. What they are doing is following the queen factor. Bees communicate by special dances that they perform for special occasions. This may seem kind of odd, but this is actually true. German biologist Karl von Frisch first discovered these special dances after 25 years of hard research. The bees do the dance according to their food source and it's position. They also involve the sun in their communicative dances. The scout would go out and find some food and then return and do a dance like motion. He would circle once to the left and then once to the right, and that is where we got the name of the round dance. Another dance was also discovered. This dance was called the waggle dance. The bee would go in a straight forward motion and waggle their little abdomens. Later, we discovered that the round dance was a dance done for food sources closest to the hive, but the waggle dance was performed for food sources closest to the sun.. They do these dances to communicate to the other bees and tell them if the food source is either close to the hive or closer to the sun. Science Essays

A characters sketch of Fowler. essays

A characters sketch of Fowler. essays Graham Greenes "The Quiet American" is considered to be one of the best novels of the 20th century. And I can honestly say that I've spent more time thinking about the events of Graham Greene's "The Quiet American" than of any other book I've read in months. His straightforward, elegant prose along with ample doses of irony and humor, make this novel a masterpiece. The story is so scathing , so insightful, that one cannot help but to be forever affected. This is no simple tale, although it can be read as one. It works on many different levels. In its simplest form, this is a story about two foreigners in Indo-China: a middle-aged British reporter, and a young idealistic American. They involve themselves in two main plots: one concerning the French Army's battle with the Vietminh, and the second, concerning the two men's relationship with a native woman and the subsequent fight for her affections. On this level "The Quiet American" , works as an effective thriller. But there are all sorts of other subtexts and subtleties going on here. I would try to make a sketch of Fowlers character. But, I suppose, it will be extremely difficult, because Greene portrays the characters in the novel in a manner in which they are extraordinarily complex and passionate beneath their seemingly quiet exteriors.And for me Fowler is one of the most engrossing literary characters I have ever read. But Ill do my best! I promise! Fowler is the embodiment of a now-faded British archetype: the suave, impeccably well-mannered man of the world who keeps a stiff upper lip and camouflages any inner torment under a pose of amused knowingness. Fowler is a man detached, a nonbeliever. He is a real islander. Fowler is completely taken with Vietnam and especially with its tropical beauty.He doesnt believe in God, only death is his absolute value in life. He possesses honesty, that can be trusted, thoughtfullness for other people. One ...

Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ethics Paper - Essay Example This is obviously the wrong direction that the prison system is taking and represents an unethical way in which the offenders are being treated. Although the conditions in these prisons meet federal and local standards, the overall issue of human rights and equality is fundamentally flawed due to the fact that the people who are being locked away are not viewed with respect to how they should be punished or reformed; rather, they are only viewed with respect to the overall level of profitability that can be extracted from the state, regional, or federal government for their tenure in the penal system. The following analysis will discuss this to some length and highlight the unethical nature as well as some prescriptions for change that could be instituted in order to have a positive impact upon the current criminal justice system. The ethical issue that exists is the fact that the prisons and penal institutions within the United States are supposed to be interested only in punishing and rehabilitating the criminal. Instead, what is taking place throughout the country is a situation in which the prison complex itself is making a massive amount of money based upon the individuals that it incarcerates. As one might expect, this means that there will be little if any focus upon seeking to rehabilitate the criminal; instead, the focus is upon only trying to expand the size of the prisons so that a further and further level of profitability is made. There have of course been people complaining about the criminal justice system in the United States for many years; however, the fact of the matter is that the current â€Å"for profit† criminal justice system is one that does not champion the improvement of society or the reintegration of the offender. As such, the primary ethical/moral issue that one must consider relates to the issue that has evolved from what this author will deem â€Å"incarceration for profit†. Although few individuals in the United St ates are aware of this practice, the fact of the matter is that it has grown from an isolated incidence to a multi-million dollar a year industry. The central issue can be explained as a system whereby overburdened municipalities cannot immediately afford the massive expense that is called for in order to build a new penitentiary system. As a way to bridge this gap while making a substantial profit, private firms enter into the equation and offer the municipality a joint venture which is oftentimes hard to resist. These firms offer to front the necessary capital to build the facility as well as staff it with private contracting security firms. The catch then comes as the municipality agrees to an extended lease of the facility. Although at face value this may seem an ingenious way for a private firm to work to alleviate the strains that a municipality may have with relation to prison overcrowding, it is however slightly more sinister than one would at first presume. Due to the fact that a private firm now has stake in the criminal justice system, a system that arguably the state and the state alone should have prevue over, the interests of rehabilitation and reform are placed as secondary to overall profit (Brickner et al. 11). Such a situation is counter to the very foundations of what the criminal justice system is supposed to provide to society. In this way, incarceration has become the primary focus of policy makers and local leaders whereas the needs of those incarcerated

SEE THE ATTACHMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SEE THE ATTACHMENT - Essay Example Due to factors of its formation, hydraulic fracturing has faced critics between different groups of scientist especially the environmentalists and the miners of the United States of America. A number of bills have been passed to criticise and support this kind of method. I guess it is time for a push for these bills to be passed since manufacturers and miners have caused a lot of health complication and environmental degradation but a proper punishment have not been given to these polluters. Discussion First call; supportive argument Surely by now people living around mine field’s area none of you can deny that hydraulic fracturing has been the major cause of air pollution. Institution like the University of Arizona is supporting the use of hydraulic fracturing. In Beijing on 27th of November 2013, authorities in the capital destroyed more than 500 open air barbecues due to small particulate matters in the air that can enter deep into lungs causing health difficulty (abc News) . In a survey published by environmentalists group, 86% of those polled said that air pollution have caused health complication, 40% reported that environmental degradation have been highly caused by hydraulic fracturing. ... The university group can therefore develop various ways to improve the air quality while maintaining the hydraulic fracturing method. The environment department of the university call consider bringing together a group of experts to participate in the discussion of the risk involved in hydraulic fracturing. Â   Scientific research team from the group recently formed in the University of Arizona, the GREEN (Greening Research, Education and Environment Network) can develop research study that can help determine the impact of hydraulic fracturing and its effect to air and water pollution. The group can come up with various proof as to what cause the environmental air pollution apart from the hydraulic fracturing at the same time they can determine certain element that pin hydraulic fracturing as the source of air pollution. They as well can figure out the fact found in the research carried out in 1997, where an important study appeared in the New England Journal of medicine, the author s, Donald Redelmeier and Robert Tibshirani studied around 700 volunteers who made health as a study subject to the hydraulic fracturing effect to the environment. The participants agreed to report any non-fatal collision in which they were involved in during the research; the researchers then assessed the dangers involved with air pollution. The result was that people who were close to the mines and industries were highly exposed to the effects of air pollution fracking. Groups have argued differently, the scientist from different countries have argued that the reservoir stimulation through the hydraulic fracture is a critical element in unlocking geothermal potential energy

Filipino people Essay Example for Free

Filipino people Essay Rizal pointed out that long before the coming of the Spaniards, the Filipinos were industrious and hardworking. It is the Spanish reign that brought about a decline in economic activities because of certain causes. First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all previous associations of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East. As a result, business was only conducted with Spain through Mexico. Because of this, the small businesses and handicraft industries that flourished during the pre-Spanish period gradually disappeared. Second, Spain also extinguished the natives’ love of work because of the implementation of forced labor. the Filipinos were compelled to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, abandoning agriculture, industry, and commerce. Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign invaders and pirates. With no arms to defend themselves, the natives were killed, their houses burned, and their lands destroyed. As a result of this, the Filipinos were forced to become nomads, lost interest in cultivating their lands or in rebuilding the industries that were shut down, and simply became submissive to the mercy of God. Fourth, there was a crooked system of education. What was being taught in the schools were repetitive prayers and other things that could not be used by the students to lead the country to progress. There were no courses in Agriculture, Industry, etc. , which were badly needed by the Philippines during those times. Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise manual labor. The officials reported to work at noon and left early, all the while doing nothing in line with their duties. The women were seen constantly followed by servants who dressed them and fanned them – personal things which they ought to have done for themselves. Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated during those times. Almost everyday there were cockfights, and during feast days, the government officials and friars were the first to engange in all sorts of bets and gambles. Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion. The friars taught the naive Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man to enter heaven, and so they preferred not to work and remain poor so that they could easily enter heaven after they died. Lastly, the taxes were extremely high, so much so that a huge portion of what they earned went to the government or to the friars. When the object of their labor was removed and they were exploited, they were reduced to inaction. Rizal admitted that the Filipinos did not work so hard because they were wise enough to adjust themselves to the warm, tropical climate. â€Å"An hour’s work under that burning sun, in the midst of pernicious influences springing from nature in activity, is equal to a day’s labor in a temperate climate. † According to Rizal, all the causes of indolence can be reduced to two factors. The first factor is the limited training and education Filipino natives receive. Segregated from Spaniards, Filipinos do not receive the same opportunities that are available to the foreigners. They are taught to be inferior. The second factor is the lack of a national sentiment of unity among them. Because Filipinos think they are inferior, they submit to the foreign culture and do everything to imitate it. The solution, according to Rizal, would be education and liberty. Rizal’s Philosophy of the Human Person 1. Freedom from friar influence pervades the letter and Rizal proffered a stinging rebuke against them by saying that God’s command is different that of the priest. 2. According to rizal, the integrity of conduct is no longer about prolonged kneeling, large rosaries, soiled scapular. 3. That living the Christian life is far richer and immensely beneficial if we have faith in God within reason and what is just, because unquestioning obedience would sustain the bondage that has imprisoned even the conscience of man, who is born without chains. 4. The mind, according to Rizal, is a gift from God that must be kindled if we are to sustain our faith and illumine whatever activity man does, even with regards to faith. 5. Faith and reason doesnt cancel each other, they are like the two wings of one bird or the chambers of one heart; neither can stand without the other and one is designed to reinforce the other. 6. For Rizal this is the only way to understand the function of reason in the strengthening of faith. Rizal’s Feminist Thoughts 1. Rizal found comfort and encouragement from the display of valor made by the youthful ladies of malolos; 2. In his letter, he expresses great joy and satisfaction over the battle they had fought. 3. In this portion of Rizal’s letter, it is obvious that his ultimate desire was for women to be offered the same opportunities as those received by men in terms of education. 4. During those days young girls were not sent to school because of the universal notion that they would soon only be taken as wives and stay at home with the children. 5. Rizal, however, emphasizes on freedom of thought and the right to education, which must be granted to both boys and girls alike regardless of gender. Moral Responsibilities of Woman 1. For Rizal, the woman is the first teacher of mankind and the mother of civilization. 2. Rizal says let us be reasonable and open our eyes, especially the women, because they are the ones who open the minds of men. 3. Consider that a good mother is different from the one created by the friars. 4. Raise your children close to the image of the true God — the God who cannot be bribed, the God who is not greedy, the God who is the father of all, who is not partial, the God who does not fatten on the blood of the poor, who does not rejoice at the plaint of the afflicted, and does not confuse the intelligent mind. 5. Awaken and prepare the mind of the child for every good and desirable idea — love for honor, sincere and firm character, clear mind, clean conduct, noble action, love for ones fellow men, respect for God — teach this to your children. 6. The central idea here is that whatever a mother shows to her children is what the children will become also. 7. If the mother is always kissing the hand of the friars in submission, then her children will grow up to be minions and mindless fools who do nothing but do as they are told, even if the very nature of the task would violate their rights as individuals. 8. Rizal also enumerates the qualities Filipino mothers have to possess. 9. A mother should be a noble wife and should rear her children in the service of the state. 10. A woman should set standards of behavior for men around her. Rizal’s Points for Reflection 1. In closing the letter, Rizal gave some 7 principles to the women of Malolos. 2. The 1st and the 4th principles are to take courage in engaging ones self in social action to assist others. 3. The 2nd principle is to consult with frankness and bravery and inculcate self respect in each and all. 4. The 3rd principle is to wing our way from the bondage of ignorance and that we should examine the truth in our own way. 5. The 5th principle reiterates the ideal that the instruction of children be given to the mothers first obligation. 6. The 6th and 7th principles want us to examine justice and equality as twin pillars of civilization and that each one must work for its full realization and that we must examine carefully the religious teachings being given us. Rizal was very impressed to the fighting spirit of the young women of Malolos had shown. In this letter of Rizal, it is obvious that his ultimate desire is to have women the same opportunity men received in terms of education. During those days young girls was not sent to school because of the universal notion that they would soon be only taken as wives and stay only at home with the children. But Rizal emphasizes on freedom of thought and right for education that both girls and boys should have. He had also shown to this letter all about that Spaniards friars. He cited, â€Å"God gave each individual reason and a will of his or her own to distinguish the just from the unjust; all were born without shackles and free, and nobody has a right to subjugate the will and the spirit of another. † We are all born equal, naked and without bonds. God did not create man to be a slave of others. A man who does not think for himself and allowed him to be guided by the thought of another is like the beast led by a halter. God give us intelligence that we may use against this slavery of others. We must be dignified, have faith on him and work together as one. In this letter he emphasizes different points. One is that Filipino mothers should teach her children love of God, country and fellowmen. Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers, to offer their sons in defense of their country. Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and honor. They should educate themselves aside from retaining their good racial values. Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners. In recent times, it seems that these qualities are gradually lost in the way Filipino women conduct themselves. In recent times, it seems that these qualities are gradually lost in the way Filipino women conduct themselves. There are oftentimes moments where mothers forget their roles in rearing their children because of the overriding idea of having to earn for the family to supplement their husband’s income. Although there is nothing negative about working hard for the welfare of the family, there must always be balance in the way people go through life. Failure in the home cannot be compensated for by any amount of wealth or fame.

Phytoremediation: Insuring Safe Selenium Levels Essay -- Exploratory E

Phytoremediation: Insuring Safe Selenium Levels Selenium is a naturally occurring element found in soil. It becomes a problem when irrigation practices cause it to leach out of the soils in the western states. The selenium is deposited in the rivers, then accumulates until it reaches toxic levels. The high levels of selenium seriously affects the environment and agriculture downstream. However, with the use of phytoremediation, the possibility of safe selenium levels has never been closer. Selenium is an essential trace element, number 34 on the periodic table, that is found naturally in the environment. It is distributed in most rocks, soils, water, and living organisms. There are places in the U.S., Australia, and China that do not have enough naturally occurring selenium. However, most areas of the world contain significant amounts of the element (Bentor). Selenium is a micronutrient necessary for human and animal health. Supplements have been promoted as an aid in preventing many serious health problems, including cancer. It is thought to be an antioxidant that helps prevent damage done to cell tissues by free radicals. Selenium acts inside the cell to capture and destroy peroxides produced by the oxidation process of free radicals before they can alter the cell membrane (Coomer). However, there is a very small margin between the amount of selenium needed for optimal health and the amount that results in selenium toxicity in people. High levels of selenium can cause dizziness, irritability, fatigue, bronchitis, garlic breath odor, brittle nails and hair, and reduced hemoglobin levels (Canadian). In livestock, excessive levels of selenium are one of the main agents of poisoning in the western United States. Two ca... ...tml. Lemly, A. Dennis and Harry M. Ohlendorf. "Regulatory Implications of Using Constructed Wetlands to Treat Selenium-Laden Wastewater." Ecotoxicity and Environmental Safety. 2002. "Phytoremediation." Environmental Health Perspective. Volume 103, No. 12. Dec. 1995. "Selenium: A Window on Wetlands." 1 April 2004. http://www.lbl.gov/ MicroWorld/Wetlands.html. "Tools for Environmental Cleanup: Engineered Plants for Phytoremediation." 9 Mar. 2004. http://www.cfr.washington.edu/outreach/Phyto2003. "What is Selenium?" Gunnison Basin Selenium Task Force. 10 Mar. 2004. http://www.seleniumtaskforce.org/selenium.html. White, Ken. "Phytoextraction." Brookhaven National Laboratory. Chicago, IL. Feb. 2000. Yang, Sarah. "Wetlands Clean Selenium from Agricultural Runoff." 10 Mar. 2004. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/ 2003/01/22/selen.html.

Interpersonal Violence and Abuse and the LGBTQ Community Essay

Realizing that one of the discoveries about IPV or DV is that it actually cuts through cultures, class, race, creed and colour. Although allegations after allegations that there is no sufficient data about same-sex IPV to fully support whatever theoretical viewpoints there may be on the factors that lead to such occurrences, there have been readily available information to provide the reader with knowledge to understand the issue. If individuals managed to hide their gender preference or homosexuality there is a greater tendency that IPV later on will also be manageably hidden creating potentially risky behaviors as a consequence. I am dismayed that within the MSM (Men having Sex with Men) and Lesbian couples the incidence of them being batterers and them becoming repeated abusers because oftentimes they use isolation as a weapon against their victims. This is their strategy to ensure that they can control their victims. Support services for victims are not necessarily effective due to the nature of the liaison, i. e. , the stigma attached to the LGBT kind of relationship is likely to deter a victim to request or ask for help . Since statistics demonstrate that the prevalence of GLBT IPV/DV is as common as its heterosexual counterpart, the degree and kind of abuse that are inflicted mirror what are commonly occurring in any domestic violence. Just as there may also be a possible resulting homicide, cases of femicide are the most common in either gender categories. For many of the sufferers reporting from fate as survivors of IPV, GLBT victims confess of the issue over power and control where the perpetrator customarily exhibits jealousy and control over the victim. It overwhelms me also to think that size does not guarantee that there is no victimization. In the articles, female Batterers for instance play convincing roles in duping authorities or police officers into thinking that they were the victims by reason of their small size (Fountain and Skolnik, 2007). Age-range prevalence is an aspect that researchers find difficulty in making fairly accurate or close to accurate approximation. Teens in GLBT set-ups provide the lowest data primarily because teens fear the ramifications for reporting. Let me emphasize again here because I am really moved into thinking about a very close friend of mine who into this kind of relationship and suffered the same fate. One of the concepts pointed out in literature values the role- identification that each partner assumes. It refers to the accepted notion the unknowing public assumes that the batterer usually is the â€Å"masculine† (whether in male-male or in female-female/transgender relationships); something to do with â€Å"physical size, strength, appearance and mannerisms,† as well as economic standing as common bases (Miller et al. , 2000). However this may be true in some of the cases, the profile of batterers are diverse. One distinct difference between same-sex and heterosexual IPV is the significant disparity between sex differentiations on physical violence as presented by Archer (2002). Moreover, the elements of alcohol and drug abuse are not discounted; prior experience as children to domestic violence is also another factor and the force that is known as â€Å"patriarchal power† that is imposed on the relationship is widely known. Literature conclusively added the factor on perceived power or powerless ness as significant in the rise of partner violence in both heterosexual and same sex relations. Researchers point to a curvilinear relationship which refers to the rate of violence among those partners whose status is high or lower (Miller et al. 2000). Attachment styles, whether the issue is on the gender preference or the occurrence of violence in the home or in partnership are examined, is in most cases a primary consideration. Understanding how the batterers (including their victims) have gone through their growing up years give clue to the present treatment they give to their partners. Attachment styles have been thoroughly studied and are proven to be vital influence to the developing individual and the adult in transition. It is therefore recommended that further studies be made on the correlation of attachment styles and potential violent behavior a person may manifest in a relationship especially among the GLBT population where data is still inadequate. It is worthwhile to note also that the WHO’s global strides to make domestic violence a worldwide agendum along with other forms of violence (source:www. who. int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005html) is a big and very positive step to reduce the worldwide incidence.

Article Review On Capitalism And Capitalism - 1844 Words

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