Models of Addiction Essay Example for Free

Models of Addiction Essay The three models of enslavement inspected in this week’s readings incorporate the clinical model, the psychosocial model, and the ailment of the human soul model. The clinical model â€Å"rests on the supposition that illness states are the consequence of a natural brokenness, potentially one on the cell or even atomic level† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). Many think about this model and â€Å"maintain that quite a bit of human conduct depends on the connection between the individual’s organic inclination and the environment† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). People under this model view unrestrained choice â€Å"as an illusion† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 33). There is discussion seeing this model as â€Å"to how much the individual’s hereditary legacy really serves to incline the person to a substance use issue, and the amount of this is the consequence of psychosocial factors† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 344). The infection model seems to oversee the manner by which substance misuse issue are thought of and rewarded in the United States. The psychosocial models of substance use advocates recommend that it is interlinked with the clinical model in that both â€Å"admit that there is a significant psychosocial segment to the addictions† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 345). Psychosocial advocates express that â€Å"addictions are found out behavior(s), poor psychosocial working, or the consequence of maladaptive thinking† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 345). It is recommended that the pharmaceutical business might be liable for ‘disease mongering’ to help advance the deals of medications said to fix proposed maladies, subsequently advancing the illness model. Some accept we are clouding unsuitable conduct and calling them illnesses recommending that we have â€Å"become a country of blamers, complainers, and casualties, very upbeat, whenever we get an opportunity, to shift responsibility elsewhere to another person for our troubles† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 46). Numerous hypothetical models were offered: moral model, balance model, profound model, dispositional ailment model, instructive model, characterological model, general frameworks model, and the clinical model. In considering all the models that propose to offer understanding in the components to consider with dependence, â€Å"each viewpoint neglects to totally clarify the entirety of the features of the SUDs adequately† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 352). The third model of substance use issue introduced is the sickness of the human soul. This model proposes that as we enter the weights and preliminaries of life and become ungrounded with torment or voids in our lives we permit ourselves to have sympathy and free ourselves up to our deep down evil nature. â€Å"It is now that some force with sickening apprehension and become profound narcissists: egotistical, reluctant to perceive any motivation to deny the â€Å"self† any longing or pleasure† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 357). This model accepts that all people â€Å"all begin with expectation, confidence and fortitude† yet when presented to the ills of the world some â€Å"turn to synthetic substances to fill the apparent void inside or to facilitate their pain† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 61). While thinking about otherworldly insolvency and void in the life of a fanatic, despair rings a bell. At the point when an individual feels despair they can't consider whatever else yet what's going on in the present and regularly seem urgent. Writing bolsters that â€Å"people are additionally otherworldly creatures who are either effectively or inactively associated with a relationship with a Higher Being† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 353). At the point when an individual is profoundly bankrupt they have lost good heading and frequently start to make poor, self-satisfying decisions and have picked a uninvolved relationship with their Higher Being. Addicts are looking for something to fill them with the delight and completeness they have supplanted with the unrestricted love of Christ. The commonness of fixation dependent on my readings recommends that unlawful medications, pot, and opiates are promptly accessible in the city. â€Å" In the United States it has been assessed that 2000 individuals use cocaine just because each day† and that â€Å"nationally 5-10% of the populace, or around 30 million individuals, have manhandled cocaine at any rate once† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 110). It is upsetting that the writing can cite measurements on youngsters utilizing these substances at such a youthful age. Writing underpins that the utilization of psychedelic drugs is by all accounts declining in the United States, notwithstanding, â€Å"it was assessed that 943,000 people beyond 12 a years old a stimulating compound without precedent for the year 2007† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 166). Additionally referenced was â€Å"the normal age at which people start to smoke pot in the United States is around 18-multi year of age† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 124). Another upsetting actuality with respect to substances on the boulevards is the thought that a significant number of the substances differ in measure of substance to such an extent that people may not understand the amount or nature of the substance they are ingesting.

The Case †Boeing Commercial Aircraft Comeback

Chapter by chapter list Introduction Reasons of ruin of Boeing Remedial Measures taken Future Demand Business strategies being followed Conflicts Recommendations Introduction The Boeing Company was begun by William Boeing in 1916, in Seattle. The underlying name was Pacific Aero Products Company that was later (1917) changed to Boeing Airplane Company. It was in 1919 that Boeing left a mark on the world via conveying the soonest global mail.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test looking into it †Boeing Commercial Aircraft: Comeback explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their relationship with the US military began in 1923. Until 1950, Boeing stayed under the radar, yet in 1950, in view of hypotheses, it faced a huge challenge in choosing to fabricate a greater airplane that would fill a double deals need; to military and to business aircrafts. The airplane was named Dash 80 and the airplane was prepared in 1956. In 1966, Boeing built up th e world popular 747. Just because, Boeing wandered into sub-contracting of work. A large portion of crafted by 747 was sub-contracted to Japanese organizations Kawasaki, Fuji and Mitsubishi. During the years, Boeing has assumed control over organizations like Vertol Aircraft Corporation (1960) and Hughes Space and Communications and furthermore had a merger with Rockwell International aviation and barrier units (1996) and McDonnell Douglas (1997). After the failure in the mid 1990s, Boeing arranged a rebound in the year 2006. Its fundamental rival was Airbus. By mid-2006, it had the option to collect deals orders for its most up to date participant, the super-proficient wide bodied 787, aside from the current 737 and 777 planes. Presently Boeing has five airplane â€Å"families† that contrast in their size and limit specifically, the 737, 747, 767, 777, and 787. These have diverse seating limits, extending from 100 to 500. Every family again comes in various variations. Then again, Airbus has four families to be specific, the A320, A300/310, A330/340, and A380. The seating limit ranges from 100 to 550. It will better to comprehend the components attributable to the rebound of Boeing on the off chance that we initially assess the reasons of its destruction. The motivation behind composing this report is to find out the components prompting the rebound of Boeing Commercial Aircraft in the flight advertise. Reasons of defeat of Boeing Owing to the opposition and ensuing drop in the deals of its airplanes, Boeing couldn't meet its breakeven point which, around then, was 250 to 270 airplanes. The improvement costs were likewise excessively high. Boeing spent nearly $5 billion on the improvement of the 777 and $8 billion on the 787.Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The presentation of the carrier business and the interest of air planes are connected as in if the aircrafts are progressing nicely, the interest for more up to date airplanes will continue pouring in, however on the off chance that the aircraft business is confronting a droop, it will affect the interest of airplanes also. After the psychological oppressor assault in 2001, there was a precarious lessening in carrier travel and thus, the interest of new airplanes diminished. Figures uncover that the worldwide aircrafts, all in all, lost about $40 billion during the period 2001 to 2005. There are different variables that lead to the low traffic turnover in the aircrafts business; number of workers, numerous activity execution, in-flight benefits, selection of air terminals, and so on. After January 2004, there was a flood in fly fuel costs; dramatically increased. Therefore, the expense of fly fuel took 25% of the absolute working expenses, when contrasted with 10% in 2001. One of the significant difficulties for Boeing occurred in 1990, when the organization chose to bring down their costs so as to pick up piece of the overall industry. The organization additionally expanded the creation limit consequently to which, it needed to employ a large number of additional specialists. These laborers had been obtained from the providers of Boeing. This was again a crazy choice by the organization. The providers missed the mark concerning work and couldn't convey the segments on schedule. Subsequently, the creation was postponed and Boeing needed to dish out punishments as much as $1.6 billion. Medicinal Measures taken Boeing took in a severe exercise from this fiasco of 1990. The organization at that point chose to follow the â€Å"Moonshine Creative Philosophy† and the strategy of â€Å"Lean Production†. The organization sent groups of its administrators to Japan so as to examine the assembling arrangement of driving producers of Japan, particularly Toyota. The lean creation framework was developed by Toyota, instead of the ordinarily utilized large scale manufacturing framework. Ohno Taiichi, a worker of Toyota, was the one to build up this framework. Ohno visited the US plants of Ford and was of the feeling that the large scale manufacturing framework was bad. He brought up three significant issues. Right off the bat, in large scale manufacturing framework, colossal capacity limits are required to store tremendous inventories. This included immense sum measures of cash for the distribution centers. Besides, if there is a deformity in large scale manufacturing framework, an immense parcel would be dismissed as a result of the imperfection. This again will cause colossal misfortunes. Thirdly, the large scale manufacturing framework doesn’t permit client explicit creation. Since the items were made in mass, henceforth any single item couldn't be not quite the same as the others. Further, Boeing officials saw that enormous hardware were being utilized to make little parts.Advertising We wil l compose a custom contextual investigation test looking into it †Boeing Commercial Aircraft: Comeback explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More So they chose to concoct new littler apparatuses. Groups called â€Å"moonshiners† were shaped for this reason and were given the errand. The group saw that 80% of the segments were under 12 inches in length, while any longer machines were being utilized. Holding fast to the new frameworks of lean creation and moonshine, the tremendous apparatuses were supplanted with littler ones that could be moved unreservedly. One of the developments of the moonshiners was the arrangement of stacking and fixing the seats. At first, when the seats were conveyed, wheels were appended to every one of them and moved in a compartment to the territory close to the airplane. The compartment was lifted by an overhead crane and brought to the degree of the aircraft’s surface. The seats were then moved inside the airplane and after ward fixed. This was a very tedious activity. The moonshiners created another strategy for stacking the seats through the traveler entryway. This procedure devoured very nearly multiple times less time. This change diminished the hour of creation as it were. The organization could make client explicit items additionally lastly, huge distribution centers were not required because of the usage of the in the nick of time stock framework. These measures diminished the expense as it were. Aside from the developments made by the moonshine groups, Boeing embraced different measures to control the expense and costs. One of the most significant choices was to transform from the static line of get together to the moving line of gathering. Regularly, airplanes are set on stages with slopes all around. Laborers move in and out to bring parts and fix them. When the work at a specific workstation is done, moving the airplane to another workstation is a bulky procedure. The airplane must be brough t down on a moving stage and afterward gradually moved towards the other workstation. This includes an excessive amount of time. So in 2001, Boeing introduced a moving line of get together at its Renton plant close to Seattle. In this framework, the airplane is mounted on a stage that continues moving at a speed of 2 inches for every moment. The laborers have sufficient opportunity to fix the parts. The stage goes through different stations where parts consequently show up at the time they are required. This procedure includes lesser time and all the work is done in a deliberate manner. Every workstation has its own light framework that has various lights for various status. So if there is an issue in any workstation, it is quickly identified and settled. The impact of all these new strategies was obvious step by step. Continuously 2005, the time required for amassing a 737 was diminished from twenty two hours to eleven hours. Additionally, the work in progress stock was decreased b y 55% and the put away stock by 59%. All the creation lines, then again, actually of the 747, have been changed from static to movable.Advertising Searching for contextual analysis on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Future Demand The future interest of airplanes is mostly founded on three angles to be specific, hypotheses about the future overall monetary development, future interest for air travel, and the budgetary states of the world aircrafts. Both the significant airplane fabricating organizations Boeing and Airbus have their own forecasts. As per Boeing’s 2006 report, the world economy should develop by 3.1% per annum, to be proceeded till the following 20 years. This anticipated development should create a development of 4.8% in travelers and 6.1% in freight. In light of these figures, Boeing came out with the figures that an expected 27,210 new airplanes (1360 every year) would be required inside the following 20 years. The estimation of these airplanes was put at $2.6 trillion. It is normal that out of these new airplanes, 9580 will be trades for those airplanes that will have resigned from the flying help. According to gauges, by 2025 the all out number of airplanes everywhere t hroughout the world will be 35,970. In 2005 the figure was 17,330. Further, it is normal that North America will put practically 28% of the new requests, Asia Pacific 36% and Europe 24%. Business strategies being followed Owing to the productivity of the 747, Boeing had a high ground in the bigger j

Explication Essay: Paradise Lost

Paige Gardner Julia Naviaux ENG 230: 003 February 1, 2013 Explication Essay: Paradise Lost-Lines 80-134 The discussion of through and through freedom versus destiny is an exceptionally normal, predominant theme in any Q&A meeting or even strict message. The disputable issue of whether God has fated His kin for salvation or if God has given individuals the opportunity in settling on their free decision to do so is an inquiry scholars will never comprehend. Many church assemblages have lost individuals due to the church’s supposition on this topic.John Milton, English writer, utilized his epic sonnet Paradise Lost to introduce the narrative of the Fall of Adam and Eve in a manner people of his time, seventeenth century, had never been presented to. All through the story, we are captivated with the vindictive characteristics of Satan and the cherishing, excusing, and even culpable qualities of God. Milton doesn’t present the character God until Book 3. In lines 80-134, Milton presents his crowd with the possibility of destiny and choice from God’s own perspective through a discussion between his characters: God and the Son.God communicates to His child the distinction of realizing what will occur and fating what will occur. In Paradise Lost, Milton utilizes the abstract components of redundancy and sentence structure to uncover reality of unrestrained choice to his perusers. Milton utilizes redundancy to show to his perusers the contrast between realizing what will happen as opposed to having a foreordained, persuasive position on something. Milton utilizes the possessive pronoun ‘their’ to push the significance on the matter of the individuals having something or something being a piece of their possessions.For model, â€Å"their producer, or their creation, or their fate† delineates this idea in the epic sonnet (Milton, Book III, line 113). Here, Milton communicates how if individuals have through and through freedom they can no longer guarantee these things since they are a piece of mankind and thusly have human instinct. From this, individuals have a creator who made them into the individuals they are today. Subsequently, individuals are made with unrestrained choice and can't censure their creator for their own destiny since individuals don't decide only it. These three aspects, as it were, interlace with one another.People can't accuse one without the other two or the other way around. People’s destiny is a piece of their creation and people’s making is a piece of their producer, henceforth the possessive pronoun ‘their’. Milton says fate â€Å"over-rul’d their will† (Milton, Book III, lines 114-115). Presently the opportunity is removed. Everything is as of now decided and no decisions should be made. In lines 116-118, Milton gives his returning contention against fate by saying, â€Å"they themselves declared their own revolt, not I: in the event t hat I foreknew, foresight had no impact on their fault†.Milton states here his position on through and through freedom. God may recognize what will occur, however he isn't impacting people’s choices. He permits individuals to make them all alone. Just as reiteration, Milton additionally utilizes sentence structure to hand-off to the perusers the topic of his epic sonnet. In book III, lines 129-134, Milton utilizes three unique colons in a single sentence to cause the peruser to understand that noteworthy prompts the following. Colons in language are utilized to show lists.Milton does this by expressing, â€Å"The first sort by their own proposal fell, self-enticed, self-corrupted: Man falls deluded by the other first: Man accordingly will discover effortlessness, the other none: in kindness and equity both, through Heaven and Earth, so will my magnificence exceed expectations, yet Mercy first and last will most splendid sparkle. †. Milton finishes up this discuss ion among God and the Son with these lines. Milton uses the colons to communicate that these occasions would not occur without the former occasion happening. Without wrongdoing or polluting influence, humanity is in no need of elegance or benevolence. Through these defects, the Lord is applauded by his people.Humans are degenerate as individuals and enticed by one another. Satan, in the Garden of Eden, enticed Eve and Eve enticed Adam; humanity was self-enticed. Man fell due to his individual man. Through kindness and effortlessness, the Lord is celebrated and his benevolence surpasses everything. By God offering his elegance and benevolence to humankind, He uncovers His giving nature. He is offering humanity elegance and kindness to be spared, however He not constraining it upon them. Through the choice God gave us, individuals can love him with truthfulness and certified love. Earnestness individuals would not have in the event that he foreordained them. Milton is effectively expr essing this idea in this segment of his epic poem.God’s love and leniency is everlasting, and Milton says it will win through everything. The discussion between choice and fate will consistently be available. Notwithstanding what number of scholars examine it and quest sacred texts for answers, this discussion will consistently exist. There are a few things the Lord doesn't uncover to His kin so they can step out in confidence and trust in Him. By utilizing reiteration and sentence structure, Milton communicates the perspective on through and through freedom from God’s point of view. Through Paradise Lost, Milton shows us a brief look at what the superb Gospel of Christ really is.

Environmental impact assessment - Free Essay Example

Background 3.1 Introduction Environmental impact assessment, EIA have evolved rapidly in the past years, spurred by increasing number of regulations and legislations. This chapter provides a theoretical background of EIA process in order to establish the need for the focus of this research which deals with one of its preliminary steps, known as baseline. The chapter starts with an overview of the EIA, moves to its legislative requirement and main procedures then focuses on baseline environment; its establishment, need, placing it into the context of overall EIA process. This will highlight its roles and relationship with other EIA stages in order to expose its influence on the EIA process. 3.2 EIA Since the introduction of EIA over 3 decades in the United States, various countries have also included the EIA process in the planning development. EIA till date is generally recognised as key aspect of most large scales planning proposals. Numerous studies on EIA in UK and other parts of the world have also been develop and various authors have attempted to define this process; for several authors (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; DETR, 2000; FoE 2005; Glasson et al., 2005; Jay and Handley, 2001; Weston, 2000; Weston, 2004; Wood, 2007). EIA is a procedure established to inform authorising bodies, planners and affected public about a proposed project and their likely effects. Likewise, Lawrence (2003) gave a broad definition of EIA process which he described as a systematic process of: Determining and managing (identifying, describing, measuring, predicting, interpreting integrating communicating, involving and controlling) the Potential or real impacts (direct and indirect, individual and cumulative, likelihood of occurrence) of Proposed (or existing) human actions (projects, plans, programmes, legislation activities and their alternatives on the Environment (physical, chemical, biological, ecological, human health, cultural, social, economic, built and interrelations). The definition of the environment outlined here is broad, comprising of various aspects of possible environmental components. This serves to highlight a wide environmental consideration by the EIA process. In simple word, EIA is the identification, assessment and management of the environmental effects/impacts that may arise from implementation of a proposed project which may significantly affect the natural man made environment. The benefits of EIA have been acknowledged and accepted by various researchers and also worldwide as an important environment decision making tool (IEMA, 2002; Wood, 2003) instituted for identifying and managing the significant impacts of development proposals (DLCG, 2006; IEMA, 2004; Jay et al., 2007; Petts, 1999; Weston, 2004). Accurately, EIA not only aims to controls impacts but may also contribute to planning decision making. 3.2.1 EIA required and steps 3.2.2 Legislation EIA process was derived from European law (Foe, 2005) and was formerly referred to as environmental assessment in UK. In both the UK and EU requirement for an EIA is set out in directive 85/337/EEC and the revised Directive 97/11/EC, and Directive 2003/35/EC 2007 implemented through a series of regulations. However, EIA regulation for planning projects in England and Wales are Town and country planning (assessment of environmental effects) Regulations 1988 and the subsequent 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008 amendments. The directives main aim requires the competent authority for a particular project to acknowledge and centres his decision on likely significant effects of a project proposal on the environment. The EIA regulations applies to two lists of developments. It is required that for a specified list of project types (Annex 1) or for all projects under the schedule 1, EIA must be carried out. Other projects listed in Annex ii and iii may also require EIA depending on project location, ch aracteristics, size and also characteristics of potential impacts respectively. Hence, for projects under schedule two EIA will be carried out if and only if it exceeds the given thresholds i.e. if the development is likely to have a significant impact on the environment by virtue of its nature, size or location. The legislation requires the inclusion of the following; The likely significant effect, direct, indirect on the environment of the development explained by reference to its possible impact on the following environmental receptors): human beings, soil fauna water air climate, the landscape the interaction between any of the foregoing material assets and the cultural heritage. Competently, in a simple word EIA covers all types of impacts from development (Foe, 2005). However, EIA is not a straight forward project there are various stages in carrying out the EIA process and these contributes towards achieving the main aims of the EIA and purpose of its implementation. 3.2.3 EIA steps In accordance with UK legislation, it is the developer/proponent who has the main responsibility for managing the assessment process and producing EIA documents. The generic steps in EIA are divided into three: (a) preliminary assessment; this involves scoping, screening and baseline studies and (b) detailed assessment; impact analysis, mitigation and EIS presentation (c) follow up; monitoring and auditing (Morrison à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Saunders and Arts, 2004). The process which involves a number of steps The process begins with identification of projects that require EIA often known as screening. A local planning authority decides if EIA is required in consultation with the applicant. Scoping follows, to investigate the necessary and significant information to be addressed while carrying out EIA. Consideration of alternatives to ensure that other possible approaches have been recognised including alternative project location site, scales, layouts, operating conditions and the no action option. Baseline studies to identify the environmental components in the proposed development site/ area. Impact prediction and assessment to enable identification and evaluation of impacts that may arise as a result of the project proposal. Mitigation measures are then established to avoid, minimise, remedy or compensate these effects. Monitoring measures are then proposed to oversee that these management plans are achieved. These information gathered, are then presented in an environmental statement. A review stage which involves logical evaluation of the quality of the ES. Public participation and Consultation is also incorporated into this process. As stated earlier that the regulation requires the assessment of significant effects of a proposed project in relation to the environmental receptors of a project the question is how the effects will be assessed? Or rather what is the requirement for assessment of the identified effects? The question tends to be answered in the following section. 3. 4 Baseline in EIA The term baseline was introduced in the environmental literature at same period as the conception of EIA process. Figure 2. illustrates how baseline fits into the EIA process. A number of literature publications (Canter, 1996; Glasson et al., 2005) have clearly defined and explained baseline concept and its role in EIA process; prominent points from literature which places the principles in context follows; 3.4.1 Definition A baseline study is an activity undertaken at an early stage in EIA and is integral to the EIA process. They are often referred to as the environmental setting, existing conditions, affected environment, and background environment, environmental conditions, environmental receptors, baseline data information (Canter, 1996; Eccleston, 2001; Shepherd, 2006). However, there is no universally accepted definition for baseline. Although it is often defined as in EIA context as the physical, chemical ,biological ,social ,economic, and cultural setting of an environment in which the proposed project is to be located, and where impacts might be expected to occur (Shepherd, 2006). They have also been defined as present and future environmental state of the proposed project site (Glasson et al., 2005). Accurately, they are compiled information concerning what the measure of the attributes would be (or is) prior to the activity at the project site. 3.4.2 Legal status and requirement of baseline in EIA Where does a baseline study fit into the broader picture in EIA? Treweek (1999) reports that nearly all legislation requires description of baseline condition. Theoretically, in terms of environment legislation, the legislation do not specifically refer to baseline studies; however, the need for it is a minimum requirement (schedule 4 part 11). The EIA directive requires the following: The data required to identify and assess the main effects which the development is likely to have on the environment (schedule 4, part 11,2) the likely evolution thereof without implementation of the plan and programme.(Annex 1, article 5 (1) (b) An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how) encountered during the compilation of the required information. (Annex 1, article 5(h). The data required to assess the effects of the development refers to baseline information. The likely evolution refers to the future environmental condition of a proposed project site. It is likely that there may be gaps or constraints encountered while gathering environmental information, clearly, an indication of limitation of the information generated is required. 3.4.3 Baseline topics Environmental disturbances may manifest a change of one or more receptors (i.e. water, air, soil, land etc) often refereed to as environmental resources (Eccleston, 2001). They also represent various environmental components that may be considered during the assessment stage. For instance if a flood channel is to be constructed and there are concerns about the effects on water resources, habitat and species due to widening of stream. The aim of baseline will be to determine the existing number of species, habitats, and water quality etc. However, there are no specific standard requirements on the number and type of environmental factors/ components that will be considered in description of environmental setting (Canter, 1996).The different environmental component that may be considered are established in table 1 below lists some of the environmental components that may be considered in outlining the baseline. 3.4.4 Method and techniques Different approaches can be used to identify an initial list of environmental factors relevance to a proposed project. Four common practical methods have been identified. Desk studies, filed surveys, modelling and consultation is all applicable methods to characterise the baseline environment (RPS, 2007). i) Site visits Site visits involves member of the study team to visit the proposed project location. This could provide familiarization with the area and enable more- effective understanding of the site and its environments and identification of the key issues (DCLG, 2006b). ii) Desk study Baseline studies are often initiated through desk studies to identify the key environmental components to be considered. This involves use of secondary data sources including published and unpublished sources. Appropriate data for describing the physical, chemical, biological cultural and socio economic environments can be obtained from reports and unpublished data from numerous regulatory agencies at local, state, regional and federal government levels. This may include information gathered directly during consultation, (RPS, 2007) such as information from statutory consultees (which includes environment agency, countryside agency, English heritage), non governmental organisations, local groups (e.g. local wildlife groups); local authorities (e.g. oxford city council) and environment websites and muliti agency geographical information for countryside agency (DLCG, 2006b). Thus, encouraging rapid compilation of variety of information which serves as a basis for baseline assessment. T he need for field survey may be identified at this stage. iii) Surveys Surveys involve a great range of technique, usually quantitative such as ecology and ambient noise survey or qualitative such as like water quality. Guidance and methodology for filed survey are often found from professional and statutory agencies. (DLCG, 2006b). Field survey is often used to identify baseline conditions and to compliment the desk study. Also the baseline survey for a specific EIA project will be dependent on the proposed project, site location and sensitivities. Concern should be given to any seasonal constraints for instance, some surveys are seasonally dependent or may be require a long duration to assess for instance summer and winter are considered for landscape survey and visual impact assessment, which may require photomontages and ecological survey of species which requires about one year to be established (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; DCLG, 2006b). Adequate time should be planned into the scheme for such surveys. However, its is important to note that all field surveys should be planned and implemented in a manner that can be repetitive before construction stage. iv) Professional knowledge, Expert opinion and key informants A good method of identifying environmental factors is to employ professional knowledge related to the expected impacts of specific types of projects (Canter, 1996). This may require consultation with a number of informants who have knowledge on existing condition of the site area, and may include representatives of special group, etc. Experts can also predict how a particular environmental component may react. An expert may determine how a specific habitat will react or develop. Survey can then be identified to compliment or support the experts opinion. 3.6 Establishment of baseline After the identification of key environmental factors, baseline assessment can be conducted in various ways. Canter (1996) established a framework on assessing baseline information presented in figure 3. The primary step includes identification of variety of environmental factors at the specific project site, whereby scoping/ selection technique may be applied to focus on the key issues. This selection stage is referred to as the central issue of the baseline approach. This is because, EIA is centred on significant issues hence the selection stage is required to scope out irrelevant environmental components. Baseline environment is very broad. Significance is the main theme for EIA. After which the identification of relevant existing data for the key selected factors will be applied. The preparation of description of the existing environment then follows. Glasson et al., (2005) also studied and attempted to develop a framework analysis of baseline. In this case each environmental, which after identification of a factor a statement of objective or purpose for selected factor is identified, then the required information is listed and the technique for assessment of the data follows and finally objective The approached developed could be appraised as it included the objective of the selected factors environmental factor. It is required that while identifying baseline a clear purpose should be identified (Knight 2009). In order, to justify the reason for selection. 3.4.6 Need for baseline Baseline is required for a variety of purposes and its often categorised into two major steps Lawrence (2003). Environmental overview at screening stage and scoping A more in depth environmental appraisal during impact assessment. Baseline could also be identified in the EIA process, whenever additional information is introduced into the assessment (Lawrence, 2003). It is however, important to note that baseline studies have a key role to play from the project initiation to final design and establishment of operational standards (Wathern, 1992). This perhaps implies that, baseline is not limited to one point in the assessment and may be incorporated into other EIA step. It is considered worthwhile to further explore baseline roles in the stages of EIA process 3.4.7 Relationship between baseline and other EIA steps Because it is identified as an initial step in the EIA process, its consideration may have an effect on the other EIA steps. Screening: During screening baseline is required in identification of valuable environmental resources which may indicate whether a proposal requires EIA or not. Scoping: Baseline is often incorporated into the scoping stage. Its been recognised that baseline studies using existing data and local knowledge are required for scoping ( FAO, 2005) and is also perceived as a scoping technique. As noted earlier, in establishment of baseline, scoping comes into place during the selection of significant environmental factor. Once significant issue have been identified the need for further in depth studies can be clearly identified and perhaps allows initiation of additional data collection. Moreover, scope and depth of the baseline studies is usually incorporated at pre project state and scoping stages during consultation with the local planning authority and consultees to deal with the seasonal effects on surveys (DCLG 2006b). Impact identification and assessment: This is the most significant stage of the EIA process which allows complete incorporation of all the selected baseline environment. Only by carefully and systematically describe the initial baseline environmental conditions is it possible to present an accurate and convincing picture of the likely effects that the development will have on its environment (Wood, 2003) and if deficient, conclusions made about impact significant may be questioned (Eccleston, 2001). Hence only by identifying the existing environmental factors/ components that entire impacts of a development would be assessed. Baseline therefore provide evidence of impacts assessed. Choice of alternatives: Baseline environment may also be considered during assessment of project alternatives. Alternatives seeks to identify a specific project site, location, materials and design by comparing environmental baseline of various options in order to select a more environmental friendly option. The most important aspect of various options considered is the do nothing scenario. In this case it is expected that the proposal would consider existing condition in absence of the project implemented and perhaps its possible future state. Hence, these future conditions are standards against which are compared projected future conditions of project alternatives. Clearly, This forms a basis upon which the future environmental effects of different alternatives are assessed (Environment Agency 2008; Shepherd, 2006) in order to predict what the state of the environment will look like if the project is to go ahead. Mitigation measures After impacts are predicted mitigation measures are identified in order to manage the impacts during project implementation. This may involve minimisation of, or prevention of impacts; compensation may occur when impacts cannot be avoided for instance by providing a new habitat or planting new trees in order to replace affected habitats, remediation, enhancement centred around developments and this may involve a development on contaminated land in order to improve the quality. Baseline therefore provides environmental components to assist in the establishment or mitigation measures (Lawrence, 2003) and is may also be used to assess the success of mitigation measures. Monitoring Monitoring is undertaken to establish information on description and functions of environmental variables. Baseline may also be required during monitoring (Lawrence 2003: 55, Morris and Therivel, 2009) as monitoring ensures assessment of changes of environmental parameters against baseline. Indeed, baseline, establish quality foundation for appraisal of post-EIA studies on the project site. Impact prediction and selection of alternatives are the main stages whereby baseline data is highly recommended. If key role of EIA process is to facilitate decision making, then impact prediction is necessary at that stage and the baseline information gathered serves as a basis for impact analysis. Nevertheless, it would be accepted that; baseline studies form backbone of component assessments (Morris and Therivel, 2009). Indeed, it is not limited to impact assessment but might take place during scoping, choice of alternatives, mitigation identification and monitoring accuracy and plausibility of much of the remainder of the EIA report depends upon it (Wood, 2003). 3.4.8 Problem associated with baseline studies There are many problems surrounding baseline assessment these problems are however mostly encountered in practice. As an initial step in EIA, baseline requires so much time and information and if not carefully carried out may affect the other steps in the EIA process. Problem with definition In development context baseline is one of the hardest words to define because of its broad meaning. In agreement, is Wathern (1992), who identified baseline studies as the least understood element of EIA, he emphasized that its definition as social, physical and biological environments which could be affected by the development project as the reason for most difficulties encountered with baseline studies. This is because in an attempt to describe the environment, various information are accumulated on general topics of water, air etc (Wathern 1992). This however focuses on available information and data rather than what is needed. The most evident inadequacy with this is that they fail to address the need of the project maker involved in project planning. The focus of baseline is thereby perceived as a major problem confronting EIA practitioners. Time and resources constraint: Both time and financial constraints maybe difficult to cope with. The developer often has to pay for these data. This step, frequently account for a lager part of the overall cost of EIA process (Wathern, 1992). Baseline studies require a whole lot of time hence delay on the project may arise and also as noted earlier, surveys are seasonally dependent. For instance, ecology data which usually requires about 12 months to establish. A case study review found that absence of existing air quality, noise and water quality, increased resources and delayed EIA project. (Andre et al., 2004). Data availability and quality: Recent research by Carroll and Turpin (2009) found that there is needs now to provide much more information than was than that required by the UK government in the 1980s. Hence, because of this great quantity of data required, data is not often available. It is also widely recognised that likely future evolution is difficult to predict as trends are not often available. Moreover, inadequate understanding of relative roles of baseline description (UNEP, 2004) may be perceived to be of great problem limiting its consideration in practice. 3.5 Critical review Even a cursory glance at recent writing on EIA shows that the issue of baseline in EIA is not a major focus for EIA practitioners and researchers. It was indicated in the literature that baseline is incorporated into EIA and plays an important role in the process. As well as being, intensive, and time consuming, an early initiation of the step would avoid delay in decision making. Apparently, theres no doubt that the assessment of baseline is important, impact assessment is considered the major objective of EIA process, baseline is important because it helps provide all the necessary data required for impact assessment. This has been the major role identified with baseline. Its relationship with other EIA steps such as post EIA studies, mitigation, and consideration of alternatives has been given limited attention. A great number of reports and articles on EIA process (DCLG 2006b; FAO, 2006; IEMA, 2002; Morrison Saunders and Arts, 2004) omit the baseline stage while outlining the key steps of EIA process although its often incorporated into scoping stage. In addition, the approach to baseline established by Canter (1996) could be criticised for not including a clear purpose of the selected environmental components as well as the baseline steps identified by Lawrence (2003) which failed to identify the likely evolution of baseline study while outlining its steps. Evidence till date, still suggests that lack of consideration of baseline especially the likely future evolution should be given more attention (Wood et al., 2007). This is very important as it forms a basis upon which the future environmental effects of different options are assessed. As a matter of fact, overall in depth study on baseline studies has been neglected. Except for the work of Wathern, 1992; Canter 1996; Glasson et al., 2005 theres has been little substantial investigation into this area. Although, several researchers (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; Wood 2003; Lawrence, 2003; Shepherd, 2006) ha ve reported significant gains of baseline in theory, only very few has reported its gains in practice. However, studies would have been more convincing if they had carried out more research on its general influence on fundamental purposes of EIA rather than restricting it to assessment of effects. This perhaps would expose its importance in outcome of EIA process. 3.6 Summary This chapter has addressed EIA and its preliminary step, baseline assessment. Placing baseline in the EIA legislative context. Although the directive did not specifically refer to baseline in EIA, it did refer to presentation of data used to assess potential impacts, limitations of information gathered and likely future condition of the existing environment. The discussion has outlined baseline relationship with other EIA steps in detail, with particular focus on its benefits to the process. It revealed that importance of baseline depends on the stage of the EIA they are used. The main benefits attached to baseline studies include its support for impacts assessment. Different approach are used in establish baseline information. Although it is acknowledge that baseline environment is broad, input from scoping consultation can help in identifying the key environmental components and therefore scope out any irrelevant issues. However issues such as definition, cost, and resource and tim e constraint surrounding EIA processes have been identified with baseline. Good practice and future directions have been addresses far less. It seems that theory is fairly clear while practice is still rather misty. Literature could also be criticised for limited investigation into this area. The following chapter tries to establish in detail the first stage of the methodology which requires establishment of good quality baseline and also effectiveness of the EIA in order to examine the former influence on the later. Screening: a process deciding if EIA is required or not by limiting the application of EIA to specific projects that could develop significant environmental impacts Definitions of key terms Scoping: process identifying the key /important environmental issues at an early stage Description of project and alternatives: includes a clear purpose of proposed project and also an understanding of its various characteristics. Identification of impacts ensuring that all potentially significant environmental impacts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.are identified and considered. Impact prediction: identifies the magnitude and other dimensions of identified change in the environment with a project. Evaluation and assessment of significance of impacts: assesses the significance of the predicted impacts to allow a focus on the precise adverse impacts. Mitigation measures: explores measures to avoid reduce remedy or compensate for any significant adverse impacts Consultation: involve s both statutory and non statutory interested bodies members of the public consulted during the EIA process. aim to ensure the quality, comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the EIA and that the public s views are adequately taken into consideration Evaluation: Evaluation is a term much used in planning and policy for the generic process of gathering structuring analysing and appraising information. Evaluation explicitly involves value judgements. It often relates to subjective policy oriented judgements rather than purely scientific and technical analysis.( Arts et al 2001). Monitoring: collection of data on a range of specific environmental variables. Mitigation: includes the three keys avoiding, reduce and remedying the potential significant adverse impacts avoiding Environmental statement: report where the EIA is documented. Seen as a vital step in the EIA process Review of ES: involves a systematic appraisal of the quality of the ES. Decision making: requires the consideration of the development by the planning /relevant authority Guidance: usually produced and issued by the responsible EIA administrative or expert body and should provide clear and authoritative interpretation of the actions to be taken and by whom.(UNEP 2004) Post-decision audits involves the recording of outcomes associated with development impacts. Developer: also known as proponent, petitioner, and initiator. The applicant for authorization for a private project or the public authority which initiates a project ( European commission 2001) Effect/impact: Any change in the physical, natural, or cultural environment brought about by a development project. Effect and impact are used interchangeably. Audit of predictions and mitigation: may involve comparing actual outcomes withy that of the predicted Competent authority: those which the member state selected and assumed the responsibility for performing the duties arising from the directive.(European Commission, 2001) Project the execution of construction works or other installations or schemes and other interventions in the natural surroundings and landscape including those involving the extraction of mineral resources. (European Commission, 2001).

Collaboration Skills for School Professionals Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Problem in the caseHowever, Mrs. Anderson who is their teacher cannot stand the rising number of disruptions that occur in the classroom. In most cases, Patrick and Zach are the centers of most classroom disruptions which affects the rest of the class that is drawn into a spectator sport. Mrs. Anderson shared this behavioral concerns with Mr. Alvarez who is also a teacher in the institution. Supporting detailsAccording to Mrs. Anderson, Patrick has a major anger management problem since he usually teases Zach and other students in class by name calling and making hurtful comments during class sessions. In addition, he also gave inappropriate information during classroom discussions and argues with other students especially when he is asked to stop his undesired behaviors. On the other hand, Zach who is usually teased in front of his peers responds by angrily yelling back and arguing with Patrick and sometimes cries. This has become a real problem to Zach who also has a learning disa bility and even the rest of the class which is affected by the disruptions caused. At some instances, Zach even pushes Patrick when he does not respond to his comments and requests. We will write a custom essay sample on Collaboration Skills for School Professionals or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This problem is evident in Zach who likes math and enjoys a lot of units in math such as geometry. If not controlled and taken into regular check by his teachers, the boy is likely to drop in his academic performance as well his social life (Friend Cook, 2010). According to Friend and

Effects of Child Poverty in Africa - 1780 Words

Effects of Child Poverty in Africa Throughout the world, children suffer and die every day from issues caused by poverty, a large number of poor children are in Africa. Poverty is the leading problem for the African children causing not only physical health issues; but emotional, educational, and social problems as well. Many of these children are very sick from the water they drink, not having enough food, or from extremely contagious diseases passed throughout their villages. Although poverty has the worst effect on people in Africa, poverty is a problem everywhere. It leaves people hungry, and sick, and with no real place to sleep. Some solutions to poverty are simple, but more people are needed to want to help. If more people†¦show more content†¦All of these diseases being serious, long-term infections, which kill many people every day. There’s a huge impact poverty has on people all over the world. Although people try to ignore it, everywhere you look there are people struggling with poverty and the effects from it. There are a lot of reasons why our world is so affected by poverty, one reason being the world is so over populated. Since there are so many people in the world there is not enough jobs for people, which leaves people with very low paying or no job. â€Å"Over population can not only result in poor conditions, but it can also result in poor environments. Poor or degraded natural environments are also considered to be causes of poverty.† (â€Å"World Poverty.† 1) Another reason why poverty affects our world is there aren’t enough schools to educate people. If there was more schools to educate people, it wouldn’t be so hard for some people to get jobs that could help support them and their families. Also, resources are not evenly distributed throughout the world where they are mostly needed. Most of the world’s resources are only in richer countries, when people in developing countries like Africa and Asia need them the most. Many people have minimum wage jobs and that doesn’t pay enough for people to be able to pay for a place to live, get enough food for them and their family,Show MoreRelatedCause Of Poverty In Africa976 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern with poverty in the developing world. Lack of money has been the major cause of extreme poverty in many countries of the world for a long time. This is the biggest problem in Africa. Many different groups of people are being affected by this. This can cause terrible suffering and possibly even death. Poverty is the biggest problem because it leads to poaching, piracy, and the issue with child laboring and trafficking. Poaching is one of the leading effects of the poverty in Africa. There areRead MoreThe University Of Texas Of The Permian Basin Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pages Global Poverty Naraly Rodriguez Dr. Davor Jedlicka Introduction to Sociology Fall B 2016 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Essay Topic #3: Global Poverty â€Æ' Being poor can mean something to one individual compared to another. Whether it is not having clean water to drink or not being able to afford a new laptop. Poverty is very broad, without a single definition. Africa has the majority of the poorest countries in the world. With that being said, the overall African incomeRead MorePoverty in Places Such as Africa786 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many different forces that cause poverty in America as well as other places around the world. All countries and or territories have some type of poverty, No one can deny that. Different forces such as bad government policy, overpopulation, high standards of living, costs of living, environmental degradation, and lack of individual responsibility are some of the forces that contribute to poverty. The poor in developing countries are trapped. They lack education, good nutrition, and a safeRead MoreAfrica Is The Second Largest Continent Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesProject Kwanele Although Africa is the second largest continent, one can say poverty is an ever-present situation (Abebe and Quaicoe, 2014). Largely due to historical background, social inequalities are the foundation of poverty in Africa. The continent has, for decades, been viewed as the epitome of poverty, with many countries plagued by unemployment, malnutrition, lack of education and limited access to healthcare. The difficulty with this is that poverty then becomes a viscous cycle, passed onRead More Early Marriage Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagespractice of marrying girls at a young age is most common in Sub-Saharan African and South Asia. There are specific parts of West Africa and East Africa and of South Asia where marriages before puberty are not unusual. However, the Centre also notes that marriage shortly after puberty is common among those living traditional lifestyles in the Middle East, North Africa and other parts of Asia. Marriages of female adolescents between sixteen and eighteen are common in parts of Latin America and EasternRead MoreEducation, Poor Health Care Services, And Lack Of Modern Technology1626 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, poor health care services, and lack of modern technology, are all global issues that lead to today’s health care crisis in South Africa. There are many negative images of Africa and its people that are learned by reading and listening to documentaries and following the news. Everything negative from the genocide in Rwanda to child sex trafficking, extreme poverty, high mortality rates and government corruption. Taking aside the legacy of colonialism and racial and ethnic inequalities in someRead MoreImproved Status for Women1455 Words   |  6 PagesCAN CITIES BE SEEN AS ENIGINES OF IMPROVED STATUS AND LIVELIHOODS FOR WOMEN? INTRODUCTION In the past women were seen as nothing more than child-bearers and housekeepers, only worthy of being their husband’s servants, unable to be financially independent. However, due to factors such as the progression of time and the urbanisation of cities it is no longer the case. Cities are â€Å"relatively large, dense and permanent human settlements†, they â€Å"also referred to as towns, urban agglomerations or urbanRead MoreConventional Wisdom Dictates That Improving Agricultural Productivity951 Words   |  4 Pagesproductivity, either through irrigation projects or the introduction of genetically modified crops, is the key step in ending rural poverty in sub-Saharan poverty. Our research overturns this assumption. By using a global poverty map and standard soil productivity measures, we find that the regions in sub-Saharan Africa with better soil quality actually experience higher rates of poverty. Our dataset consisted of 5334 subnational units from 46 sub-Saharan African countries. For soil quality, we used a seven-dimensionRead MoreShould We Need A Homemade Meals?1351 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost on a daily basis asking for something to eat because they didn’t eat at home. Mostly because it was near the end of the month, and they had ran out of food. Many times when we think of malnourished children, our first thought is children in Africa, or other underdeveloped countries. Yet some children here in the United States also suffer from malnutrition. In the article Shocking Need: American kids go hungry, it is stated that â€Å"As many as 17 million children nationwide are struggling withRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Labor On The Chocolate Industry1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Child Labor in the Chocolate Industry: December 6, 2015, was an important day for many Americans, as it marked the 150th year since the abolishment of slavery when the U.S. authorized the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to end what can be described as the darkest chapter of American history. Many in Western Society seem to be unaware of the contemporary slavery still plaguing many developing countries, particularly involving children. The 2010 documentary film called The Dark Side

My Journey to Success free essay sample

I have been asking myself a question, what do I want out of life? This question bothers many people and it’s not only the ones who are trying to figure out the path that will lead them to a comfortable life. One might ask, what is that comfort that we are all striving for? It varies from person to person; there are several aspects, such the way they were raised, making, of our lives that could influence a person and the future decisions that we’ll make. To me, a goal is something you desire. I believe that a person needs to achieve certain goals in one’s life before you can call them successful. Success is to reach goals, you have set. I have set certain goals that I would like to achieve in my lifetime. Holding my standards and values high of myself, I want to be challenged, rather than occupied. We will write a custom essay sample on My Journey to Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With that in mind, I explored the current activities I do for pleasure. I examined the topics that fascinate me. Some of these goals are personal, while others are professional. My current goal is simple: Having a good education, while to have a good, stable job that I enjoy, and making enough money to not only support myself, but also a future family, putting the use of my knowledge towards those in need of a helping hand. My life experiences have helped me to appreciate the value of these goals, and I look forward to reaching it. If you only dreamed, you would not be reaching your goals. If you only thought about what kind of future you wanted, but did nothing to make it happen, your dreams would stay dreams. Your goals are the vision of what your future will be like if you put time and energy into making them realities. Goals offer you wonderful advantages that dreams may not. They get you out of bed in the morning. They add structure to your life to help you stay on track. They are the blueprint for the plan that you are building for your future. Goals give your life both purpose and meaning. Without goals, your life is like a boat without a rudder, aimlessly blown by the wind, driven by the currents and left off course most of the time. Even worse, you’ll find that others will steer your life and make decisions for you. Without goals, you give away your personal power and the right to make choices and decisions for yourself. They require thought, planning, motivation, determination, taking action and time whether it is short-term, accomplished in a day, week or a month, or long-term, spanning from several months or years. I’ve realized that it is very important for me to receive a good education, and strive to make something of myself. But, my happiness in what I do is also a goal for me. There is no way someone can become successful if they are not happy with what they are doing. If their job is going to make them miserable, then they will never show a complete one hundred percent. The most successful people in life have a clear idea of their goals and the drive to pursue them. We as individuals have to realize that life is a learning experience and being able to recognize the importance of our strengths and weaknesses in order to make a difference in relating personal growth. Having goals, priorities, and special qualities about ourselves is what gives us individuality in anything that we choose to do. Personally, my major strength is punctuality and the ability to stay focused among the distractions as a well-organized person. Some goals take more time than others. They are driven primarily by your needs and your values. Values are the beliefs and standards by which you live or the things that are most important to you. Values guide your decisions and behaviors. It takes commitment to achieve a goal, with the willingness to stick to it, despite disappointments, failures and criticism. It takes courage to remain keeping a good head on your shoulders in the face of hardship. Ultimately, I want to stay on a path with the right attitude, and goals with passion that guide me on a wonderful journey of discovery and growth to learn more about life and the capability of myself.